28 files changed, 469 insertions, 252 deletions

diff --git a/src/core/CMakeLists.txt b/src/core/CMakeLists.txt
index 570acb193..eb8f643a2 100644
--- a/src/core/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/core/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -775,6 +775,9 @@ add_library(core STATIC
     hle/service/nvnflinger/graphic_buffer_producer.h
     hle/service/nvnflinger/hos_binder_driver_server.cpp
     hle/service/nvnflinger/hos_binder_driver_server.h
+    hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.cpp
+    hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.h
+    hle/service/nvnflinger/hwc_layer.h
     hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.cpp
     hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.h
     hle/service/nvnflinger/parcel.h
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/nvdrv/devices/nvdisp_disp0.cpp b/src/core/hle/service/nvdrv/devices/nvdisp_disp0.cpp
index c1ebbd62d..abe95303e 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/service/nvdrv/devices/nvdisp_disp0.cpp
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/nvdrv/devices/nvdisp_disp0.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2018 yuzu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
+#include <boost/container/small_vector.hpp>
+
 #include "common/assert.h"
 #include "common/logging/log.h"
 #include "core/core.h"
@@ -38,19 +40,30 @@ NvResult nvdisp_disp0::Ioctl3(DeviceFD fd, Ioctl command, std::span<const u8> in
 void nvdisp_disp0::OnOpen(NvCore::SessionId session_id, DeviceFD fd) {}
 void nvdisp_disp0::OnClose(DeviceFD fd) {}
 
-void nvdisp_disp0::flip(u32 buffer_handle, u32 offset, android::PixelFormat format, u32 width,
-                        u32 height, u32 stride, android::BufferTransformFlags transform,
-                        const Common::Rectangle<int>& crop_rect,
-                        std::array<Service::Nvidia::NvFence, 4>& fences, u32 num_fences) {
-    const DAddr addr = nvmap.GetHandleAddress(buffer_handle);
-    LOG_TRACE(Service,
-              "Drawing from address {:X} offset {:08X} Width {} Height {} Stride {} Format {}",
-              addr, offset, width, height, stride, format);
+void nvdisp_disp0::Composite(std::span<const Nvnflinger::HwcLayer> sorted_layers) {
+    std::vector<Tegra::FramebufferConfig> output_layers;
+    std::vector<Service::Nvidia::NvFence> output_fences;
+    output_layers.reserve(sorted_layers.size());
+    output_fences.reserve(sorted_layers.size());
+
+    for (auto& layer : sorted_layers) {
+        output_layers.emplace_back(Tegra::FramebufferConfig{
+            .address = nvmap.GetHandleAddress(layer.buffer_handle),
+            .offset = layer.offset,
+            .width = layer.width,
+            .height = layer.height,
+            .stride = layer.stride,
+            .pixel_format = layer.format,
+            .transform_flags = layer.transform,
+            .crop_rect = layer.crop_rect,
+        });
 
-    const Tegra::FramebufferConfig framebuffer{addr,   offset, width,     height,
-                                               stride, format, transform, crop_rect};
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < layer.acquire_fence.num_fences; i++) {
+            output_fences.push_back(layer.acquire_fence.fences[i]);
+        }
+    }
 
-    system.GPU().RequestSwapBuffers(&framebuffer, fences, num_fences);
+    system.GPU().RequestComposite(std::move(output_layers), std::move(output_fences));
     system.SpeedLimiter().DoSpeedLimiting(system.CoreTiming().GetGlobalTimeUs());
     system.GetPerfStats().EndSystemFrame();
     system.GetPerfStats().BeginSystemFrame();
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/nvdrv/devices/nvdisp_disp0.h b/src/core/hle/service/nvdrv/devices/nvdisp_disp0.h
index 5f13a50a2..1082b85c2 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/service/nvdrv/devices/nvdisp_disp0.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/nvdrv/devices/nvdisp_disp0.h
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@
 #include "common/common_types.h"
 #include "common/math_util.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvdrv/devices/nvdevice.h"
-#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_transform_flags.h"
-#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/pixel_format.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hwc_layer.h"
 
 namespace Service::Nvidia::NvCore {
 class Container;
@@ -35,11 +34,8 @@ public:
     void OnOpen(NvCore::SessionId session_id, DeviceFD fd) override;
     void OnClose(DeviceFD fd) override;
 
-    /// Performs a screen flip, drawing the buffer pointed to by the handle.
-    void flip(u32 buffer_handle, u32 offset, android::PixelFormat format, u32 width, u32 height,
-              u32 stride, android::BufferTransformFlags transform,
-              const Common::Rectangle<int>& crop_rect,
-              std::array<Service::Nvidia::NvFence, 4>& fences, u32 num_fences);
+    /// Performs a screen flip, compositing each buffer.
+    void Composite(std::span<const Nvnflinger::HwcLayer> sorted_layers);
 
     Kernel::KEvent* QueryEvent(u32 event_id) override;
 
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_item.h b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_item.h
index 7fd808f54..f9f262628 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_item.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_item.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public:
     bool is_droppable{};
     bool acquire_called{};
     bool transform_to_display_inverse{};
-    s32 swap_interval{};
+    u32 swap_interval{};
 };
 
 } // namespace Service::android
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.cpp b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54889bb4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2024 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include <boost/container/small_vector.hpp>
+
+#include "common/microprofile.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvdrv/devices/nvdisp_disp0.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_item.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_item_consumer.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_queue_producer.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hwc_layer.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/ui/graphic_buffer.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/vi/display/vi_display.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/vi/layer/vi_layer.h"
+
+namespace Service::Nvnflinger {
+
+HardwareComposer::HardwareComposer() = default;
+HardwareComposer::~HardwareComposer() = default;
+
+u32 HardwareComposer::ComposeLocked(VI::Display& display, Nvidia::Devices::nvdisp_disp0& nvdisp,
+                                    u32 frame_advance) {
+    boost::container::small_vector<HwcLayer, 2> composition_stack;
+
+    m_frame_number += frame_advance;
+
+    // Release any necessary framebuffers.
+    for (auto& [layer_id, framebuffer] : m_framebuffers) {
+        if (framebuffer.release_frame_number > m_frame_number) {
+            // Not yet ready to release this framebuffer.
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!framebuffer.is_acquired) {
+            // Already released.
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (auto* layer = display.FindLayer(layer_id); layer != nullptr) {
+            // TODO: support release fence
+            // This is needed to prevent screen tearing
+            layer->GetConsumer().ReleaseBuffer(framebuffer.item, android::Fence::NoFence());
+            framebuffer.is_acquired = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Determine the number of vsync periods to wait before composing again.
+    std::optional<u32> swap_interval{};
+    bool has_acquired_buffer{};
+
+    // Acquire all necessary framebuffers.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < display.GetNumLayers(); i++) {
+        auto& layer = display.GetLayer(i);
+        auto layer_id = layer.GetLayerId();
+
+        // Try to fetch the framebuffer (either new or stale).
+        const auto result = this->CacheFramebufferLocked(layer, layer_id);
+
+        // If we failed, skip this layer.
+        if (result == CacheStatus::NoBufferAvailable) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // If we acquired a new buffer, we need to present.
+        if (result == CacheStatus::BufferAcquired) {
+            has_acquired_buffer = true;
+        }
+
+        const auto& buffer = m_framebuffers[layer_id];
+        const auto& item = buffer.item;
+        const auto& igbp_buffer = *item.graphic_buffer;
+
+        // TODO: get proper Z-index from layer
+        composition_stack.emplace_back(HwcLayer{
+            .buffer_handle = igbp_buffer.BufferId(),
+            .offset = igbp_buffer.Offset(),
+            .format = igbp_buffer.ExternalFormat(),
+            .width = igbp_buffer.Width(),
+            .height = igbp_buffer.Height(),
+            .stride = igbp_buffer.Stride(),
+            .z_index = 0,
+            .transform = static_cast<android::BufferTransformFlags>(item.transform),
+            .crop_rect = item.crop,
+            .acquire_fence = item.fence,
+        });
+
+        // We need to compose again either before this frame is supposed to
+        // be released, or exactly on the vsync period it should be released.
+        //
+        // TODO: handle cases where swap intervals are relatively prime. So far,
+        // only swap intervals of 0, 1 and 2 have been observed, but if 3 were
+        // to be introduced, this would cause an issue.
+        if (swap_interval) {
+            swap_interval = std::min(*swap_interval, item.swap_interval);
+        } else {
+            swap_interval = item.swap_interval;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If any new buffers were acquired, we can present.
+    if (has_acquired_buffer) {
+        // Sort by Z-index.
+        std::stable_sort(composition_stack.begin(), composition_stack.end(),
+                         [&](auto& l, auto& r) { return l.z_index < r.z_index; });
+
+        // Composite.
+        nvdisp.Composite(composition_stack);
+    }
+
+    // Render MicroProfile.
+    MicroProfileFlip();
+
+    // If we advanced, then advance by at least 1 frame.
+    if (swap_interval) {
+        return std::max(*swap_interval, 1U);
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise, advance by exactly one frame.
+    return 1U;
+}
+
+void HardwareComposer::RemoveLayerLocked(VI::Display& display, LayerId layer_id) {
+    // Check if we are tracking a slot with this layer_id.
+    const auto it = m_framebuffers.find(layer_id);
+    if (it == m_framebuffers.end()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Try to release the buffer item.
+    auto* const layer = display.FindLayer(layer_id);
+    if (layer && it->second.is_acquired) {
+        layer->GetConsumer().ReleaseBuffer(it->second.item, android::Fence::NoFence());
+    }
+
+    // Erase the slot.
+    m_framebuffers.erase(it);
+}
+
+bool HardwareComposer::TryAcquireFramebufferLocked(VI::Layer& layer, Framebuffer& framebuffer) {
+    // Attempt the update.
+    const auto status = layer.GetConsumer().AcquireBuffer(&framebuffer.item, {}, false);
+    if (status != android::Status::NoError) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // We succeeded, so set the new release frame info.
+    framebuffer.release_frame_number =
+        m_frame_number + std::max(1U, framebuffer.item.swap_interval);
+    framebuffer.is_acquired = true;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+HardwareComposer::CacheStatus HardwareComposer::CacheFramebufferLocked(VI::Layer& layer,
+                                                                       LayerId layer_id) {
+    // Check if this framebuffer is already present.
+    const auto it = m_framebuffers.find(layer_id);
+    if (it != m_framebuffers.end()) {
+        // If it's currently still acquired, we are done.
+        if (it->second.is_acquired) {
+            return CacheStatus::CachedBufferReused;
+        }
+
+        // Try to acquire a new item.
+        if (this->TryAcquireFramebufferLocked(layer, it->second)) {
+            // We got a new item.
+            return CacheStatus::BufferAcquired;
+        } else {
+            // We didn't acquire a new item, but we can reuse the slot.
+            return CacheStatus::CachedBufferReused;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Framebuffer is not present, so try to create it.
+    Framebuffer framebuffer{};
+
+    if (this->TryAcquireFramebufferLocked(layer, framebuffer)) {
+        // Move the buffer item into a new slot.
+        m_framebuffers.emplace(layer_id, std::move(framebuffer));
+
+        // We succeeded.
+        return CacheStatus::BufferAcquired;
+    }
+
+    // We couldn't acquire the buffer item, so don't create a slot.
+    return CacheStatus::NoBufferAvailable;
+}
+
+} // namespace Service::Nvnflinger
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.h b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..611afc169
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2024 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <boost/container/flat_map.hpp>
+
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_item.h"
+
+namespace Service::Nvidia::Devices {
+class nvdisp_disp0;
+}
+
+namespace Service::VI {
+class Display;
+class Layer;
+} // namespace Service::VI
+
+namespace Service::Nvnflinger {
+
+using LayerId = u64;
+
+class HardwareComposer {
+public:
+    explicit HardwareComposer();
+    ~HardwareComposer();
+
+    u32 ComposeLocked(VI::Display& display, Nvidia::Devices::nvdisp_disp0& nvdisp,
+                      u32 frame_advance);
+    void RemoveLayerLocked(VI::Display& display, LayerId layer_id);
+
+private:
+    // TODO: do we want to track frame number in vi instead?
+    u64 m_frame_number{0};
+
+private:
+    using ReleaseFrameNumber = u64;
+
+    struct Framebuffer {
+        android::BufferItem item{};
+        ReleaseFrameNumber release_frame_number{};
+        bool is_acquired{false};
+    };
+
+    enum class CacheStatus : u32 {
+        NoBufferAvailable,
+        BufferAcquired,
+        CachedBufferReused,
+    };
+
+    boost::container::flat_map<LayerId, Framebuffer> m_framebuffers{};
+
+private:
+    bool TryAcquireFramebufferLocked(VI::Layer& layer, Framebuffer& framebuffer);
+    CacheStatus CacheFramebufferLocked(VI::Layer& layer, LayerId layer_id);
+};
+
+} // namespace Service::Nvnflinger
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hwc_layer.h b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hwc_layer.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3af668a25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hwc_layer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2024 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "common/math_util.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvdrv/nvdata.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_transform_flags.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/pixel_format.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/ui/fence.h"
+
+namespace Service::Nvnflinger {
+
+struct HwcLayer {
+    u32 buffer_handle;
+    u32 offset;
+    android::PixelFormat format;
+    u32 width;
+    u32 height;
+    u32 stride;
+    s32 z_index;
+    android::BufferTransformFlags transform;
+    Common::Rectangle<int> crop_rect;
+    android::Fence acquire_fence;
+};
+
+} // namespace Service::Nvnflinger
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.cpp b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.cpp
index 51133853c..e775a2ca8 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.cpp
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_item_consumer.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_queue_core.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/fb_share_buffer_manager.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hos_binder_driver_server.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/ui/graphic_buffer.h"
@@ -279,45 +280,18 @@ void Nvnflinger::Compose() {
         SCOPE_EXIT({ display.SignalVSyncEvent(); });
 
         // Don't do anything for displays without layers.
-        if (!display.HasLayers())
-            continue;
-
-        // TODO(Subv): Support more than 1 layer.
-        VI::Layer& layer = display.GetLayer(0);
-
-        android::BufferItem buffer{};
-        const auto status = layer.GetConsumer().AcquireBuffer(&buffer, {}, false);
-
-        if (status != android::Status::NoError) {
+        if (!display.HasLayers()) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        const auto& igbp_buffer = *buffer.graphic_buffer;
-
         if (!system.IsPoweredOn()) {
             return; // We are likely shutting down
         }
 
-        // Now send the buffer to the GPU for drawing.
-        // TODO(Subv): Support more than just disp0. The display device selection is probably based
-        // on which display we're drawing (Default, Internal, External, etc)
         auto nvdisp = nvdrv->GetDevice<Nvidia::Devices::nvdisp_disp0>(disp_fd);
         ASSERT(nvdisp);
 
-        Common::Rectangle<int> crop_rect{
-            static_cast<int>(buffer.crop.Left()), static_cast<int>(buffer.crop.Top()),
-            static_cast<int>(buffer.crop.Right()), static_cast<int>(buffer.crop.Bottom())};
-
-        nvdisp->flip(igbp_buffer.BufferId(), igbp_buffer.Offset(), igbp_buffer.ExternalFormat(),
-                     igbp_buffer.Width(), igbp_buffer.Height(), igbp_buffer.Stride(),
-                     static_cast<android::BufferTransformFlags>(buffer.transform), crop_rect,
-                     buffer.fence.fences, buffer.fence.num_fences);
-
-        MicroProfileFlip();
-
-        swap_interval = buffer.swap_interval;
-
-        layer.GetConsumer().ReleaseBuffer(buffer, android::Fence::NoFence());
+        swap_interval = display.GetComposer().ComposeLocked(display, *nvdisp, swap_interval);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.h b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.h
index 369439142..73ff36620 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.h
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ class BufferQueueProducer;
 namespace Service::Nvnflinger {
 
 class FbShareBufferManager;
+class HardwareComposer;
 class HosBinderDriverServer;
 
 class Nvnflinger final {
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/vi/display/vi_display.cpp b/src/core/hle/service/vi/display/vi_display.cpp
index dab1905cc..7f2af9acc 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/service/vi/display/vi_display.cpp
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/vi/display/vi_display.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_queue_consumer.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_queue_core.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_queue_producer.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hardware_composer.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/hos_binder_driver_server.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/vi/display/vi_display.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/vi/layer/vi_layer.h"
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ Display::Display(u64 id, std::string name_,
                  KernelHelpers::ServiceContext& service_context_, Core::System& system_)
     : display_id{id}, name{std::move(name_)}, hos_binder_driver_server{hos_binder_driver_server_},
       service_context{service_context_} {
+    hardware_composer = std::make_unique<Nvnflinger::HardwareComposer>();
     vsync_event = service_context.CreateEvent(fmt::format("Display VSync Event {}", id));
 }
 
@@ -81,8 +83,6 @@ void Display::SignalVSyncEvent() {
 
 void Display::CreateLayer(u64 layer_id, u32 binder_id,
                           Service::Nvidia::NvCore::Container& nv_core) {
-    ASSERT_MSG(layers.empty(), "Only one layer is supported per display at the moment");
-
     auto [core, producer, consumer] = CreateBufferQueue(service_context, nv_core.GetNvMapFile());
 
     auto buffer_item_consumer = std::make_shared<android::BufferItemConsumer>(std::move(consumer));
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/vi/display/vi_display.h b/src/core/hle/service/vi/display/vi_display.h
index 8eb8a5155..220292cff 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/service/vi/display/vi_display.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/vi/display/vi_display.h
@@ -11,9 +11,14 @@
 #include "common/common_types.h"
 #include "core/hle/result.h"
 
+namespace Core {
+class System;
+}
+
 namespace Kernel {
 class KEvent;
-}
+class KReadableEvent;
+} // namespace Kernel
 
 namespace Service::android {
 class BufferQueueProducer;
@@ -24,8 +29,9 @@ class ServiceContext;
 }
 
 namespace Service::Nvnflinger {
+class HardwareComposer;
 class HosBinderDriverServer;
-}
+} // namespace Service::Nvnflinger
 
 namespace Service::Nvidia::NvCore {
 class Container;
@@ -118,6 +124,10 @@ public:
     ///
     const Layer* FindLayer(u64 layer_id) const;
 
+    Nvnflinger::HardwareComposer& GetComposer() const {
+        return *hardware_composer;
+    }
+
 private:
     u64 display_id;
     std::string name;
@@ -125,6 +135,7 @@ private:
     KernelHelpers::ServiceContext& service_context;
 
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Layer>> layers;
+    std::unique_ptr<Nvnflinger::HardwareComposer> hardware_composer;
     Kernel::KEvent* vsync_event{};
     bool is_abandoned{};
 };
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/vi/vi.cpp b/src/core/hle/service/vi/vi.cpp
index 73058db9a..d508ed28c 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/service/vi/vi.cpp
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/vi/vi.cpp
@@ -195,8 +195,9 @@ private:
     void GetSharedBufferMemoryHandleId(HLERequestContext& ctx) {
         IPC::RequestParser rp{ctx};
         const u64 buffer_id = rp.PopRaw<u64>();
+        const u64 aruid = ctx.GetPID();
 
-        LOG_INFO(Service_VI, "called. buffer_id={:#x}", buffer_id);
+        LOG_INFO(Service_VI, "called. buffer_id={:#x}, aruid={:#x}", buffer_id, aruid);
 
         struct OutputParameters {
             s32 nvmap_handle;
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ private:
         OutputParameters out{};
         Nvnflinger::SharedMemoryPoolLayout layout{};
         const auto result = nvnflinger.GetSystemBufferManager().GetSharedBufferMemoryHandleId(
-            &out.size, &out.nvmap_handle, &layout, buffer_id, 0);
+            &out.size, &out.nvmap_handle, &layout, buffer_id, aruid);
 
         ctx.WriteBuffer(&layout, sizeof(layout));
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/framebuffer_config.h b/src/video_core/framebuffer_config.h
index 10ddc75a7..6a18b76fb 100644
--- a/src/video_core/framebuffer_config.h
+++ b/src/video_core/framebuffer_config.h
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "common/math_util.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/buffer_transform_flags.h"
 #include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/pixel_format.h"
+#include "core/hle/service/nvnflinger/ui/fence.h"
 
 namespace Tegra {
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ struct FramebufferConfig {
     u32 stride{};
     Service::android::PixelFormat pixel_format{};
     Service::android::BufferTransformFlags transform_flags{};
-    Common::Rectangle<int> crop_rect;
+    Common::Rectangle<int> crop_rect{};
 };
 
 Common::Rectangle<f32> NormalizeCrop(const FramebufferConfig& framebuffer, u32 texture_width,
diff --git a/src/video_core/gpu.cpp b/src/video_core/gpu.cpp
index 609704b33..f4a5d831c 100644
--- a/src/video_core/gpu.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/gpu.cpp
@@ -274,11 +274,6 @@ struct GPU::Impl {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Swap buffers (render frame)
-    void SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) {
-        gpu_thread.SwapBuffers(framebuffer);
-    }
-
     /// Notify rasterizer that any caches of the specified region should be flushed to Switch memory
     void FlushRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size) {
         gpu_thread.FlushRegion(addr, size);
@@ -313,8 +308,9 @@ struct GPU::Impl {
         gpu_thread.FlushAndInvalidateRegion(addr, size);
     }
 
-    void RequestSwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer,
-                            std::array<Service::Nvidia::NvFence, 4>& fences, size_t num_fences) {
+    void RequestComposite(std::vector<Tegra::FramebufferConfig>&& layers,
+                          std::vector<Service::Nvidia::NvFence>&& fences) {
+        size_t num_fences{fences.size()};
         size_t current_request_counter{};
         {
             std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(request_swap_mutex);
@@ -328,13 +324,12 @@ struct GPU::Impl {
             }
         }
         const auto wait_fence =
-            RequestSyncOperation([this, current_request_counter, framebuffer, fences, num_fences] {
+            RequestSyncOperation([this, current_request_counter, &layers, &fences, num_fences] {
                 auto& syncpoint_manager = host1x.GetSyncpointManager();
                 if (num_fences == 0) {
-                    renderer->SwapBuffers(framebuffer);
+                    renderer->Composite(layers);
                 }
-                const auto executer = [this, current_request_counter,
-                                       framebuffer_copy = *framebuffer]() {
+                const auto executer = [this, current_request_counter, layers_copy = layers]() {
                     {
                         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(request_swap_mutex);
                         if (--request_swap_counters[current_request_counter] != 0) {
@@ -342,7 +337,7 @@ struct GPU::Impl {
                         }
                         free_swap_counters.push_back(current_request_counter);
                     }
-                    renderer->SwapBuffers(&framebuffer_copy);
+                    renderer->Composite(layers_copy);
                 };
                 for (size_t i = 0; i < num_fences; i++) {
                     syncpoint_manager.RegisterGuestAction(fences[i].id, fences[i].value, executer);
@@ -505,9 +500,9 @@ const VideoCore::ShaderNotify& GPU::ShaderNotify() const {
     return impl->ShaderNotify();
 }
 
-void GPU::RequestSwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer,
-                             std::array<Service::Nvidia::NvFence, 4>& fences, size_t num_fences) {
-    impl->RequestSwapBuffers(framebuffer, fences, num_fences);
+void GPU::RequestComposite(std::vector<Tegra::FramebufferConfig>&& layers,
+                           std::vector<Service::Nvidia::NvFence>&& fences) {
+    impl->RequestComposite(std::move(layers), std::move(fences));
 }
 
 u64 GPU::GetTicks() const {
@@ -554,10 +549,6 @@ void GPU::ClearCdmaInstance(u32 id) {
     impl->ClearCdmaInstance(id);
 }
 
-void GPU::SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) {
-    impl->SwapBuffers(framebuffer);
-}
-
 VideoCore::RasterizerDownloadArea GPU::OnCPURead(PAddr addr, u64 size) {
     return impl->OnCPURead(addr, size);
 }
diff --git a/src/video_core/gpu.h b/src/video_core/gpu.h
index b3c1d15bd..c4602ca37 100644
--- a/src/video_core/gpu.h
+++ b/src/video_core/gpu.h
@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ public:
 
     void RendererFrameEndNotify();
 
-    void RequestSwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer,
-                            std::array<Service::Nvidia::NvFence, 4>& fences, size_t num_fences);
+    void RequestComposite(std::vector<Tegra::FramebufferConfig>&& layers,
+                          std::vector<Service::Nvidia::NvFence>&& fences);
 
     /// Performs any additional setup necessary in order to begin GPU emulation.
     /// This can be used to launch any necessary threads and register any necessary
diff --git a/src/video_core/gpu_thread.cpp b/src/video_core/gpu_thread.cpp
index 788d4f61e..58d8110b8 100644
--- a/src/video_core/gpu_thread.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/gpu_thread.cpp
@@ -40,8 +40,6 @@ static void RunThread(std::stop_token stop_token, Core::System& system,
         }
         if (auto* submit_list = std::get_if<SubmitListCommand>(&next.data)) {
             scheduler.Push(submit_list->channel, std::move(submit_list->entries));
-        } else if (const auto* data = std::get_if<SwapBuffersCommand>(&next.data)) {
-            renderer.SwapBuffers(data->framebuffer ? &*data->framebuffer : nullptr);
         } else if (std::holds_alternative<GPUTickCommand>(next.data)) {
             system.GPU().TickWork();
         } else if (const auto* flush = std::get_if<FlushRegionCommand>(&next.data)) {
@@ -78,10 +76,6 @@ void ThreadManager::SubmitList(s32 channel, Tegra::CommandList&& entries) {
     PushCommand(SubmitListCommand(channel, std::move(entries)));
 }
 
-void ThreadManager::SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) {
-    PushCommand(SwapBuffersCommand(framebuffer ? std::make_optional(*framebuffer) : std::nullopt));
-}
-
 void ThreadManager::FlushRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size) {
     if (!is_async) {
         // Always flush with synchronous GPU mode
diff --git a/src/video_core/gpu_thread.h b/src/video_core/gpu_thread.h
index 2de25e9ef..dc0fce9f8 100644
--- a/src/video_core/gpu_thread.h
+++ b/src/video_core/gpu_thread.h
@@ -44,14 +44,6 @@ struct SubmitListCommand final {
     Tegra::CommandList entries;
 };
 
-/// Command to signal to the GPU thread that a swap buffers is pending
-struct SwapBuffersCommand final {
-    explicit SwapBuffersCommand(std::optional<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffer_)
-        : framebuffer{std::move(framebuffer_)} {}
-
-    std::optional<Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffer;
-};
-
 /// Command to signal to the GPU thread to flush a region
 struct FlushRegionCommand final {
     explicit constexpr FlushRegionCommand(DAddr addr_, u64 size_) : addr{addr_}, size{size_} {}
@@ -81,8 +73,8 @@ struct FlushAndInvalidateRegionCommand final {
 struct GPUTickCommand final {};
 
 using CommandData =
-    std::variant<std::monostate, SubmitListCommand, SwapBuffersCommand, FlushRegionCommand,
-                 InvalidateRegionCommand, FlushAndInvalidateRegionCommand, GPUTickCommand>;
+    std::variant<std::monostate, SubmitListCommand, FlushRegionCommand, InvalidateRegionCommand,
+                 FlushAndInvalidateRegionCommand, GPUTickCommand>;
 
 struct CommandDataContainer {
     CommandDataContainer() = default;
@@ -118,9 +110,6 @@ public:
     /// Push GPU command entries to be processed
     void SubmitList(s32 channel, Tegra::CommandList&& entries);
 
-    /// Swap buffers (render frame)
-    void SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer);
-
     /// Notify rasterizer that any caches of the specified region should be flushed to Switch memory
     void FlushRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size);
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_base.h b/src/video_core/renderer_base.h
index 78ea5208b..3ad180f67 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_base.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_base.h
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public:
     virtual ~RendererBase();
 
     /// Finalize rendering the guest frame and draw into the presentation texture
-    virtual void SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) = 0;
+    virtual void Composite(std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> layers) = 0;
 
     [[nodiscard]] virtual RasterizerInterface* ReadRasterizer() = 0;
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_null/renderer_null.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_null/renderer_null.cpp
index 078feb925..c89daff53 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_null/renderer_null.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_null/renderer_null.cpp
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ RendererNull::RendererNull(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window, Tegra::GPU& gp
 
 RendererNull::~RendererNull() = default;
 
-void RendererNull::SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) {
-    if (!framebuffer) {
+void RendererNull::Composite(std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffers) {
+    if (framebuffers.empty()) {
         return;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_null/renderer_null.h b/src/video_core/renderer_null/renderer_null.h
index 9531b43f6..063b476bb 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_null/renderer_null.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_null/renderer_null.h
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ public:
                           std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context);
     ~RendererNull() override;
 
-    void SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) override;
+    void Composite(std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffer) override;
 
     VideoCore::RasterizerInterface* ReadRasterizer() override {
         return &m_rasterizer;
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.cpp
index 10a9f973c..e33a32592 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.cpp
@@ -125,15 +125,15 @@ RendererOpenGL::RendererOpenGL(Core::TelemetrySession& telemetry_session_,
 
 RendererOpenGL::~RendererOpenGL() = default;
 
-void RendererOpenGL::SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) {
-    if (!framebuffer) {
+void RendererOpenGL::Composite(std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffers) {
+    if (framebuffers.empty()) {
         return;
     }
 
-    RenderScreenshot(framebuffer);
+    RenderScreenshot(framebuffers);
 
     state_tracker.BindFramebuffer(0);
-    blit_screen->DrawScreen(std::span(framebuffer, 1), emu_window.GetFramebufferLayout());
+    blit_screen->DrawScreen(framebuffers, emu_window.GetFramebufferLayout());
 
     ++m_current_frame;
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ void RendererOpenGL::AddTelemetryFields() {
     telemetry_session.AddField(user_system, "GPU_OpenGL_Version", std::string(gl_version));
 }
 
-void RendererOpenGL::RenderScreenshot(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) {
+void RendererOpenGL::RenderScreenshot(std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffers) {
     if (!renderer_settings.screenshot_requested) {
         return;
     }
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ void RendererOpenGL::RenderScreenshot(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffe
     glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_SRGB8, layout.width, layout.height);
     glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_RENDERBUFFER, renderbuffer);
 
-    blit_screen->DrawScreen(std::span(framebuffer, 1), layout);
+    blit_screen->DrawScreen(framebuffers, layout);
 
     glBindBuffer(GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, 0);
     glPixelStorei(GL_PACK_ROW_LENGTH, 0);
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.h b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.h
index df76d3d05..c4625c96e 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public:
                             std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context_);
     ~RendererOpenGL() override;
 
-    void SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) override;
+    void Composite(std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffers) override;
 
     VideoCore::RasterizerInterface* ReadRasterizer() override {
         return &rasterizer;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
     void AddTelemetryFields();
-    void RenderScreenshot(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer);
+    void RenderScreenshot(std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffers);
 
     Core::TelemetrySession& telemetry_session;
     Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window;
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/present/util.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/present/util.cpp
index 7bff1c436..6ee16595d 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/present/util.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/present/util.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,20 @@
 
 namespace Vulkan {
 
+vk::Buffer CreateWrappedBuffer(MemoryAllocator& allocator, VkDeviceSize size, MemoryUsage usage) {
+    const VkBufferCreateInfo dst_buffer_info{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .flags = 0,
+        .size = size,
+        .usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
+        .sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
+        .queueFamilyIndexCount = 0,
+        .pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr,
+    };
+    return allocator.CreateBuffer(dst_buffer_info, usage);
+}
+
 vk::Image CreateWrappedImage(MemoryAllocator& allocator, VkExtent2D dimensions, VkFormat format) {
     const VkImageCreateInfo image_ci{
         .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
@@ -96,6 +110,70 @@ void UploadImage(const Device& device, MemoryAllocator& allocator, Scheduler& sc
     scheduler.Finish();
 }
 
+void DownloadColorImage(vk::CommandBuffer& cmdbuf, VkImage image, VkBuffer buffer,
+                        VkExtent3D extent) {
+    const VkImageMemoryBarrier read_barrier{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
+        .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT,
+        .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
+        .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
+        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+        .image = image,
+        .subresourceRange{
+            .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+            .baseMipLevel = 0,
+            .levelCount = VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS,
+            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+            .layerCount = VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS,
+        },
+    };
+    const VkImageMemoryBarrier image_write_barrier{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .srcAccessMask = 0,
+        .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
+        .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
+        .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
+        .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+        .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+        .image = image,
+        .subresourceRange{
+            .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+            .baseMipLevel = 0,
+            .levelCount = VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS,
+            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+            .layerCount = VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS,
+        },
+    };
+    static constexpr VkMemoryBarrier memory_write_barrier{
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
+        .pNext = nullptr,
+        .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
+        .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
+    };
+    const VkBufferImageCopy copy{
+        .bufferOffset = 0,
+        .bufferRowLength = 0,
+        .bufferImageHeight = 0,
+        .imageSubresource{
+            .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+            .mipLevel = 0,
+            .baseArrayLayer = 0,
+            .layerCount = 1,
+        },
+        .imageOffset{.x = 0, .y = 0, .z = 0},
+        .imageExtent{extent},
+    };
+    cmdbuf.PipelineBarrier(VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0,
+                           read_barrier);
+    cmdbuf.CopyImageToBuffer(image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL, buffer, copy);
+    cmdbuf.PipelineBarrier(VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, 0,
+                           memory_write_barrier, nullptr, image_write_barrier);
+}
+
 vk::ImageView CreateWrappedImageView(const Device& device, vk::Image& image, VkFormat format) {
     return device.GetLogical().CreateImageView(VkImageViewCreateInfo{
         .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO,
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/present/util.h b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/present/util.h
index fb4e4a8e4..1104aaa15 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/present/util.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/present/util.h
@@ -11,12 +11,16 @@ namespace Vulkan {
 
 #define ARRAY_TO_SPAN(a) std::span(a, (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0])))
 
+vk::Buffer CreateWrappedBuffer(MemoryAllocator& allocator, VkDeviceSize size, MemoryUsage usage);
+
 vk::Image CreateWrappedImage(MemoryAllocator& allocator, VkExtent2D dimensions, VkFormat format);
 void TransitionImageLayout(vk::CommandBuffer& cmdbuf, VkImage image, VkImageLayout target_layout,
                            VkImageLayout source_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL);
 void UploadImage(const Device& device, MemoryAllocator& allocator, Scheduler& scheduler,
                  vk::Image& image, VkExtent2D dimensions, VkFormat format,
                  std::span<const u8> initial_contents = {});
+void DownloadColorImage(vk::CommandBuffer& cmdbuf, VkImage image, VkBuffer buffer,
+                        VkExtent3D extent);
 void ClearColorImage(vk::CommandBuffer& cmdbuf, VkImage image);
 
 vk::ImageView CreateWrappedImageView(const Device& device, vk::Image& image, VkFormat format);
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp
index 77837adde..48a105327 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp
@@ -20,12 +20,14 @@
 #include "core/frontend/graphics_context.h"
 #include "core/telemetry_session.h"
 #include "video_core/gpu.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/present/util.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_rasterizer.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_state_tracker.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_swapchain.h"
+#include "video_core/textures/decoders.h"
 #include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_debug_callback.h"
 #include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_device.h"
 #include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.h"
@@ -116,18 +118,20 @@ RendererVulkan::~RendererVulkan() {
     void(device.GetLogical().WaitIdle());
 }
 
-void RendererVulkan::SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) {
-    if (!framebuffer) {
+void RendererVulkan::Composite(std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffers) {
+    if (framebuffers.empty()) {
         return;
     }
+
     SCOPE_EXIT({ render_window.OnFrameDisplayed(); });
+
     if (!render_window.IsShown()) {
         return;
     }
 
-    RenderScreenshot(framebuffer);
+    RenderScreenshot(framebuffers);
     Frame* frame = present_manager.GetRenderFrame();
-    blit_swapchain.DrawToFrame(rasterizer, frame, std::span(framebuffer, 1),
+    blit_swapchain.DrawToFrame(rasterizer, frame, framebuffers,
                                render_window.GetFramebufferLayout(), swapchain.GetImageCount(),
                                swapchain.GetImageViewFormat());
     scheduler.Flush(*frame->render_ready);
@@ -163,156 +167,37 @@ void RendererVulkan::Report() const {
     telemetry_session.AddField(field, "GPU_Vulkan_Extensions", extensions);
 }
 
-void Vulkan::RendererVulkan::RenderScreenshot(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) {
+void Vulkan::RendererVulkan::RenderScreenshot(
+    std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffers) {
     if (!renderer_settings.screenshot_requested) {
         return;
     }
+
+    constexpr VkFormat ScreenshotFormat{VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM};
     const Layout::FramebufferLayout layout{renderer_settings.screenshot_framebuffer_layout};
-    auto frame = [&]() {
-        vk::Image staging_image = memory_allocator.CreateImage(VkImageCreateInfo{
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
-            .pNext = nullptr,
-            .flags = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_MUTABLE_FORMAT_BIT,
-            .imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
-            .format = VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
-            .extent =
-                {
-                    .width = layout.width,
-                    .height = layout.height,
-                    .depth = 1,
-                },
-            .mipLevels = 1,
-            .arrayLayers = 1,
-            .samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
-            .tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
-            .usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
-                     VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
-            .sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
-            .queueFamilyIndexCount = 0,
-            .pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr,
-            .initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
-        });
 
-        vk::ImageView dst_view = device.GetLogical().CreateImageView(VkImageViewCreateInfo{
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO,
-            .pNext = nullptr,
-            .flags = 0,
-            .image = *staging_image,
-            .viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
-            .format = VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
-            .components{
-                .r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY,
-                .g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY,
-                .b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY,
-                .a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY,
-            },
-            .subresourceRange{
-                .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = 1,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS,
-            },
-        });
-        vk::Framebuffer screenshot_fb =
-            blit_screenshot.CreateFramebuffer(layout, *dst_view, VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM);
-        return Frame{
-            .width = layout.width,
-            .height = layout.height,
-            .image = std::move(staging_image),
-            .image_view = std::move(dst_view),
-            .framebuffer = std::move(screenshot_fb),
-            .cmdbuf{},
-            .render_ready{},
-            .present_done{},
-        };
+    auto frame = [&]() {
+        Frame f{};
+        f.image = CreateWrappedImage(memory_allocator, VkExtent2D{layout.width, layout.height},
+                                     ScreenshotFormat);
+        f.image_view = CreateWrappedImageView(device, f.image, ScreenshotFormat);
+        f.framebuffer = blit_screenshot.CreateFramebuffer(layout, *f.image_view, ScreenshotFormat);
+        return f;
     }();
 
-    blit_screenshot.DrawToFrame(rasterizer, &frame, std::span(framebuffer, 1), layout, 1,
+    blit_screenshot.DrawToFrame(rasterizer, &frame, framebuffers, layout, 1,
                                 VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM);
 
-    const auto buffer_size = static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(layout.width * layout.height * 4);
-    const VkBufferCreateInfo dst_buffer_info{
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
-        .pNext = nullptr,
-        .flags = 0,
-        .size = buffer_size,
-        .usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
-        .sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
-        .queueFamilyIndexCount = 0,
-        .pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr,
-    };
-    const vk::Buffer dst_buffer =
-        memory_allocator.CreateBuffer(dst_buffer_info, MemoryUsage::Download);
+    const auto dst_buffer = CreateWrappedBuffer(
+        memory_allocator, static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(layout.width * layout.height * 4),
+        MemoryUsage::Download);
 
     scheduler.RequestOutsideRenderPassOperationContext();
     scheduler.Record([&](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
-        const VkImageMemoryBarrier read_barrier{
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
-            .pNext = nullptr,
-            .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
-            .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT,
-            .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
-            .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
-            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-            .image = *frame.image,
-            .subresourceRange{
-                .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS,
-            },
-        };
-        const VkImageMemoryBarrier image_write_barrier{
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
-            .pNext = nullptr,
-            .srcAccessMask = 0,
-            .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
-            .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
-            .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
-            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-            .image = *frame.image,
-            .subresourceRange{
-                .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS,
-            },
-        };
-        static constexpr VkMemoryBarrier memory_write_barrier{
-            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_BARRIER,
-            .pNext = nullptr,
-            .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
-            .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT,
-        };
-        const VkBufferImageCopy copy{
-            .bufferOffset = 0,
-            .bufferRowLength = 0,
-            .bufferImageHeight = 0,
-            .imageSubresource{
-                .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
-                .mipLevel = 0,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = 1,
-            },
-            .imageOffset{.x = 0, .y = 0, .z = 0},
-            .imageExtent{
-                .width = layout.width,
-                .height = layout.height,
-                .depth = 1,
-            },
-        };
-        cmdbuf.PipelineBarrier(VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
-                               0, read_barrier);
-        cmdbuf.CopyImageToBuffer(*frame.image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL, *dst_buffer,
-                                 copy);
-        cmdbuf.PipelineBarrier(VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_COMMANDS_BIT,
-                               0, memory_write_barrier, nullptr, image_write_barrier);
+        DownloadColorImage(cmdbuf, *frame.image, *dst_buffer,
+                           VkExtent3D{layout.width, layout.height, 1});
     });
+
     // Ensure the copy is fully completed before saving the screenshot
     scheduler.Finish();
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h
index bdeb43a54..c6d8a0f21 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public:
                             std::unique_ptr<Core::Frontend::GraphicsContext> context_);
     ~RendererVulkan() override;
 
-    void SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) override;
+    void Composite(std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffers) override;
 
     VideoCore::RasterizerInterface* ReadRasterizer() override {
         return &rasterizer;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ public:
 private:
     void Report() const;
 
-    void RenderScreenshot(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer);
+    void RenderScreenshot(std::span<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig> framebuffers);
 
     Core::TelemetrySession& telemetry_session;
     Tegra::MaxwellDeviceMemoryManager& device_memory;
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.cpp
index b2dcbf80b..2275fcc46 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.cpp
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ void BlitScreen::DrawToFrame(RasterizerVulkan& rasterizer, Frame* frame,
 }
 
 vk::Framebuffer BlitScreen::CreateFramebuffer(const Layout::FramebufferLayout& layout,
-                                              const VkImageView& image_view,
+                                              VkImageView image_view,
                                               VkFormat current_view_format) {
     const bool format_updated =
         std::exchange(swapchain_view_format, current_view_format) != current_view_format;
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.h b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.h
index 9a3476c77..cbdf2d5d0 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.h
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public:
                      VkFormat current_swapchain_view_format);
 
     [[nodiscard]] vk::Framebuffer CreateFramebuffer(const Layout::FramebufferLayout& layout,
-                                                    const VkImageView& image_view,
+                                                    VkImageView image_view,
                                                     VkFormat current_view_format);
 
 private: