25 files changed, 2916 insertions, 1748 deletions

diff --git a/src/common/intrusive_list.h b/src/common/intrusive_list.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d330dc1c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/intrusive_list.h
@@ -0,0 +1,631 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2023 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "common/common_funcs.h"
+#include "common/parent_of_member.h"
+
+namespace Common {
+
+// Forward declare implementation class for Node.
+namespace impl {
+
+class IntrusiveListImpl;
+
+}
+
+class IntrusiveListNode {
+    YUZU_NON_COPYABLE(IntrusiveListNode);
+
+private:
+    friend class impl::IntrusiveListImpl;
+
+    IntrusiveListNode* m_prev;
+    IntrusiveListNode* m_next;
+
+public:
+    constexpr IntrusiveListNode() : m_prev(this), m_next(this) {}
+
+    constexpr bool IsLinked() const {
+        return m_next != this;
+    }
+
+private:
+    constexpr void LinkPrev(IntrusiveListNode* node) {
+        // We can't link an already linked node.
+        ASSERT(!node->IsLinked());
+        this->SplicePrev(node, node);
+    }
+
+    constexpr void SplicePrev(IntrusiveListNode* first, IntrusiveListNode* last) {
+        // Splice a range into the list.
+        auto last_prev = last->m_prev;
+        first->m_prev = m_prev;
+        last_prev->m_next = this;
+        m_prev->m_next = first;
+        m_prev = last_prev;
+    }
+
+    constexpr void LinkNext(IntrusiveListNode* node) {
+        // We can't link an already linked node.
+        ASSERT(!node->IsLinked());
+        return this->SpliceNext(node, node);
+    }
+
+    constexpr void SpliceNext(IntrusiveListNode* first, IntrusiveListNode* last) {
+        // Splice a range into the list.
+        auto last_prev = last->m_prev;
+        first->m_prev = this;
+        last_prev->m_next = m_next;
+        m_next->m_prev = last_prev;
+        m_next = first;
+    }
+
+    constexpr void Unlink() {
+        this->Unlink(m_next);
+    }
+
+    constexpr void Unlink(IntrusiveListNode* last) {
+        // Unlink a node from a next node.
+        auto last_prev = last->m_prev;
+        m_prev->m_next = last;
+        last->m_prev = m_prev;
+        last_prev->m_next = this;
+        m_prev = last_prev;
+    }
+
+    constexpr IntrusiveListNode* GetPrev() {
+        return m_prev;
+    }
+
+    constexpr const IntrusiveListNode* GetPrev() const {
+        return m_prev;
+    }
+
+    constexpr IntrusiveListNode* GetNext() {
+        return m_next;
+    }
+
+    constexpr const IntrusiveListNode* GetNext() const {
+        return m_next;
+    }
+};
+// DEPRECATED: static_assert(std::is_literal_type<IntrusiveListNode>::value);
+
+namespace impl {
+
+class IntrusiveListImpl {
+    YUZU_NON_COPYABLE(IntrusiveListImpl);
+
+private:
+    IntrusiveListNode m_root_node;
+
+public:
+    template <bool Const>
+    class Iterator;
+
+    using value_type = IntrusiveListNode;
+    using size_type = size_t;
+    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+    using pointer = value_type*;
+    using const_pointer = const value_type*;
+    using reference = value_type&;
+    using const_reference = const value_type&;
+    using iterator = Iterator<false>;
+    using const_iterator = Iterator<true>;
+    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+    using const_reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
+
+    template <bool Const>
+    class Iterator {
+    public:
+        using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;
+        using value_type = typename IntrusiveListImpl::value_type;
+        using difference_type = typename IntrusiveListImpl::difference_type;
+        using pointer =
+            std::conditional_t<Const, IntrusiveListImpl::const_pointer, IntrusiveListImpl::pointer>;
+        using reference = std::conditional_t<Const, IntrusiveListImpl::const_reference,
+                                             IntrusiveListImpl::reference>;
+
+    private:
+        pointer m_node;
+
+    public:
+        constexpr explicit Iterator(pointer n) : m_node(n) {}
+
+        constexpr bool operator==(const Iterator& rhs) const {
+            return m_node == rhs.m_node;
+        }
+
+        constexpr pointer operator->() const {
+            return m_node;
+        }
+
+        constexpr reference operator*() const {
+            return *m_node;
+        }
+
+        constexpr Iterator& operator++() {
+            m_node = m_node->m_next;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        constexpr Iterator& operator--() {
+            m_node = m_node->m_prev;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        constexpr Iterator operator++(int) {
+            const Iterator it{*this};
+            ++(*this);
+            return it;
+        }
+
+        constexpr Iterator operator--(int) {
+            const Iterator it{*this};
+            --(*this);
+            return it;
+        }
+
+        constexpr operator Iterator<true>() const {
+            return Iterator<true>(m_node);
+        }
+
+        constexpr Iterator<false> GetNonConstIterator() const {
+            return Iterator<false>(const_cast<IntrusiveListImpl::pointer>(m_node));
+        }
+    };
+
+public:
+    constexpr IntrusiveListImpl() : m_root_node() {}
+
+    // Iterator accessors.
+    constexpr iterator begin() {
+        return iterator(m_root_node.GetNext());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator begin() const {
+        return const_iterator(m_root_node.GetNext());
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator end() {
+        return iterator(std::addressof(m_root_node));
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator end() const {
+        return const_iterator(std::addressof(m_root_node));
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator iterator_to(reference v) {
+        // Only allow iterator_to for values in lists.
+        ASSERT(v.IsLinked());
+        return iterator(std::addressof(v));
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator iterator_to(const_reference v) const {
+        // Only allow iterator_to for values in lists.
+        ASSERT(v.IsLinked());
+        return const_iterator(std::addressof(v));
+    }
+
+    // Content management.
+    constexpr bool empty() const {
+        return !m_root_node.IsLinked();
+    }
+
+    constexpr size_type size() const {
+        return static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(this->begin(), this->end()));
+    }
+
+    constexpr reference back() {
+        return *m_root_node.GetPrev();
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reference back() const {
+        return *m_root_node.GetPrev();
+    }
+
+    constexpr reference front() {
+        return *m_root_node.GetNext();
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reference front() const {
+        return *m_root_node.GetNext();
+    }
+
+    constexpr void push_back(reference node) {
+        m_root_node.LinkPrev(std::addressof(node));
+    }
+
+    constexpr void push_front(reference node) {
+        m_root_node.LinkNext(std::addressof(node));
+    }
+
+    constexpr void pop_back() {
+        m_root_node.GetPrev()->Unlink();
+    }
+
+    constexpr void pop_front() {
+        m_root_node.GetNext()->Unlink();
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator insert(const_iterator pos, reference node) {
+        pos.GetNonConstIterator()->LinkPrev(std::addressof(node));
+        return iterator(std::addressof(node));
+    }
+
+    constexpr void splice(const_iterator pos, IntrusiveListImpl& o) {
+        splice_impl(pos, o.begin(), o.end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr void splice(const_iterator pos, IntrusiveListImpl& o, const_iterator first) {
+        const_iterator last(first);
+        std::advance(last, 1);
+        splice_impl(pos, first, last);
+    }
+
+    constexpr void splice(const_iterator pos, IntrusiveListImpl& o, const_iterator first,
+                          const_iterator last) {
+        splice_impl(pos, first, last);
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator erase(const_iterator pos) {
+        if (pos == this->end()) {
+            return this->end();
+        }
+        iterator it(pos.GetNonConstIterator());
+        (it++)->Unlink();
+        return it;
+    }
+
+    constexpr void clear() {
+        while (!this->empty()) {
+            this->pop_front();
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    constexpr void splice_impl(const_iterator _pos, const_iterator _first, const_iterator _last) {
+        if (_first == _last) {
+            return;
+        }
+        iterator pos(_pos.GetNonConstIterator());
+        iterator first(_first.GetNonConstIterator());
+        iterator last(_last.GetNonConstIterator());
+        first->Unlink(std::addressof(*last));
+        pos->SplicePrev(std::addressof(*first), std::addressof(*first));
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace impl
+
+template <class T, class Traits>
+class IntrusiveList {
+    YUZU_NON_COPYABLE(IntrusiveList);
+
+private:
+    impl::IntrusiveListImpl m_impl;
+
+public:
+    template <bool Const>
+    class Iterator;
+
+    using value_type = T;
+    using size_type = size_t;
+    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+    using pointer = value_type*;
+    using const_pointer = const value_type*;
+    using reference = value_type&;
+    using const_reference = const value_type&;
+    using iterator = Iterator<false>;
+    using const_iterator = Iterator<true>;
+    using reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
+    using const_reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
+
+    template <bool Const>
+    class Iterator {
+    public:
+        friend class Common::IntrusiveList<T, Traits>;
+
+        using ImplIterator =
+            std::conditional_t<Const, Common::impl::IntrusiveListImpl::const_iterator,
+                               Common::impl::IntrusiveListImpl::iterator>;
+
+        using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;
+        using value_type = typename IntrusiveList::value_type;
+        using difference_type = typename IntrusiveList::difference_type;
+        using pointer =
+            std::conditional_t<Const, IntrusiveList::const_pointer, IntrusiveList::pointer>;
+        using reference =
+            std::conditional_t<Const, IntrusiveList::const_reference, IntrusiveList::reference>;
+
+    private:
+        ImplIterator m_iterator;
+
+    private:
+        constexpr explicit Iterator(ImplIterator it) : m_iterator(it) {}
+
+        constexpr ImplIterator GetImplIterator() const {
+            return m_iterator;
+        }
+
+    public:
+        constexpr bool operator==(const Iterator& rhs) const {
+            return m_iterator == rhs.m_iterator;
+        }
+
+        constexpr pointer operator->() const {
+            return std::addressof(Traits::GetParent(*m_iterator));
+        }
+
+        constexpr reference operator*() const {
+            return Traits::GetParent(*m_iterator);
+        }
+
+        constexpr Iterator& operator++() {
+            ++m_iterator;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        constexpr Iterator& operator--() {
+            --m_iterator;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        constexpr Iterator operator++(int) {
+            const Iterator it{*this};
+            ++m_iterator;
+            return it;
+        }
+
+        constexpr Iterator operator--(int) {
+            const Iterator it{*this};
+            --m_iterator;
+            return it;
+        }
+
+        constexpr operator Iterator<true>() const {
+            return Iterator<true>(m_iterator);
+        }
+    };
+
+private:
+    static constexpr IntrusiveListNode& GetNode(reference ref) {
+        return Traits::GetNode(ref);
+    }
+
+    static constexpr IntrusiveListNode const& GetNode(const_reference ref) {
+        return Traits::GetNode(ref);
+    }
+
+    static constexpr reference GetParent(IntrusiveListNode& node) {
+        return Traits::GetParent(node);
+    }
+
+    static constexpr const_reference GetParent(IntrusiveListNode const& node) {
+        return Traits::GetParent(node);
+    }
+
+public:
+    constexpr IntrusiveList() : m_impl() {}
+
+    // Iterator accessors.
+    constexpr iterator begin() {
+        return iterator(m_impl.begin());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator begin() const {
+        return const_iterator(m_impl.begin());
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator end() {
+        return iterator(m_impl.end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator end() const {
+        return const_iterator(m_impl.end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator cbegin() const {
+        return this->begin();
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator cend() const {
+        return this->end();
+    }
+
+    constexpr reverse_iterator rbegin() {
+        return reverse_iterator(this->end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const {
+        return const_reverse_iterator(this->end());
+    }
+
+    constexpr reverse_iterator rend() {
+        return reverse_iterator(this->begin());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reverse_iterator rend() const {
+        return const_reverse_iterator(this->begin());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const {
+        return this->rbegin();
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reverse_iterator crend() const {
+        return this->rend();
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator iterator_to(reference v) {
+        return iterator(m_impl.iterator_to(GetNode(v)));
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_iterator iterator_to(const_reference v) const {
+        return const_iterator(m_impl.iterator_to(GetNode(v)));
+    }
+
+    // Content management.
+    constexpr bool empty() const {
+        return m_impl.empty();
+    }
+
+    constexpr size_type size() const {
+        return m_impl.size();
+    }
+
+    constexpr reference back() {
+        return GetParent(m_impl.back());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reference back() const {
+        return GetParent(m_impl.back());
+    }
+
+    constexpr reference front() {
+        return GetParent(m_impl.front());
+    }
+
+    constexpr const_reference front() const {
+        return GetParent(m_impl.front());
+    }
+
+    constexpr void push_back(reference ref) {
+        m_impl.push_back(GetNode(ref));
+    }
+
+    constexpr void push_front(reference ref) {
+        m_impl.push_front(GetNode(ref));
+    }
+
+    constexpr void pop_back() {
+        m_impl.pop_back();
+    }
+
+    constexpr void pop_front() {
+        m_impl.pop_front();
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator insert(const_iterator pos, reference ref) {
+        return iterator(m_impl.insert(pos.GetImplIterator(), GetNode(ref)));
+    }
+
+    constexpr void splice(const_iterator pos, IntrusiveList& o) {
+        m_impl.splice(pos.GetImplIterator(), o.m_impl);
+    }
+
+    constexpr void splice(const_iterator pos, IntrusiveList& o, const_iterator first) {
+        m_impl.splice(pos.GetImplIterator(), o.m_impl, first.GetImplIterator());
+    }
+
+    constexpr void splice(const_iterator pos, IntrusiveList& o, const_iterator first,
+                          const_iterator last) {
+        m_impl.splice(pos.GetImplIterator(), o.m_impl, first.GetImplIterator(),
+                      last.GetImplIterator());
+    }
+
+    constexpr iterator erase(const_iterator pos) {
+        return iterator(m_impl.erase(pos.GetImplIterator()));
+    }
+
+    constexpr void clear() {
+        m_impl.clear();
+    }
+};
+
+template <auto T, class Derived = Common::impl::GetParentType<T>>
+class IntrusiveListMemberTraits;
+
+template <class Parent, IntrusiveListNode Parent::*Member, class Derived>
+class IntrusiveListMemberTraits<Member, Derived> {
+public:
+    using ListType = IntrusiveList<Derived, IntrusiveListMemberTraits>;
+
+private:
+    friend class IntrusiveList<Derived, IntrusiveListMemberTraits>;
+
+    static constexpr IntrusiveListNode& GetNode(Derived& parent) {
+        return parent.*Member;
+    }
+
+    static constexpr IntrusiveListNode const& GetNode(Derived const& parent) {
+        return parent.*Member;
+    }
+
+    static Derived& GetParent(IntrusiveListNode& node) {
+        return Common::GetParentReference<Member, Derived>(std::addressof(node));
+    }
+
+    static Derived const& GetParent(IntrusiveListNode const& node) {
+        return Common::GetParentReference<Member, Derived>(std::addressof(node));
+    }
+};
+
+template <auto T, class Derived = Common::impl::GetParentType<T>>
+class IntrusiveListMemberTraitsByNonConstexprOffsetOf;
+
+template <class Parent, IntrusiveListNode Parent::*Member, class Derived>
+class IntrusiveListMemberTraitsByNonConstexprOffsetOf<Member, Derived> {
+public:
+    using ListType = IntrusiveList<Derived, IntrusiveListMemberTraitsByNonConstexprOffsetOf>;
+
+private:
+    friend class IntrusiveList<Derived, IntrusiveListMemberTraitsByNonConstexprOffsetOf>;
+
+    static constexpr IntrusiveListNode& GetNode(Derived& parent) {
+        return parent.*Member;
+    }
+
+    static constexpr IntrusiveListNode const& GetNode(Derived const& parent) {
+        return parent.*Member;
+    }
+
+    static Derived& GetParent(IntrusiveListNode& node) {
+        return *reinterpret_cast<Derived*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(std::addressof(node)) -
+                                           GetOffset());
+    }
+
+    static Derived const& GetParent(IntrusiveListNode const& node) {
+        return *reinterpret_cast<const Derived*>(
+            reinterpret_cast<const char*>(std::addressof(node)) - GetOffset());
+    }
+
+    static uintptr_t GetOffset() {
+        return reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(std::addressof(reinterpret_cast<Derived*>(0)->*Member));
+    }
+};
+
+template <class Derived>
+class IntrusiveListBaseNode : public IntrusiveListNode {};
+
+template <class Derived>
+class IntrusiveListBaseTraits {
+public:
+    using ListType = IntrusiveList<Derived, IntrusiveListBaseTraits>;
+
+private:
+    friend class IntrusiveList<Derived, IntrusiveListBaseTraits>;
+
+    static constexpr IntrusiveListNode& GetNode(Derived& parent) {
+        return static_cast<IntrusiveListNode&>(
+            static_cast<IntrusiveListBaseNode<Derived>&>(parent));
+    }
+
+    static constexpr IntrusiveListNode const& GetNode(Derived const& parent) {
+        return static_cast<const IntrusiveListNode&>(
+            static_cast<const IntrusiveListBaseNode<Derived>&>(parent));
+    }
+
+    static constexpr Derived& GetParent(IntrusiveListNode& node) {
+        return static_cast<Derived&>(static_cast<IntrusiveListBaseNode<Derived>&>(node));
+    }
+
+    static constexpr Derived const& GetParent(IntrusiveListNode const& node) {
+        return static_cast<const Derived&>(
+            static_cast<const IntrusiveListBaseNode<Derived>&>(node));
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace Common
diff --git a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_event_info.h b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_event_info.h
index 25b3ff594..eacfa5dc6 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_event_info.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_event_info.h
@@ -5,14 +5,15 @@
 
 #include <array>
 
-#include <boost/intrusive/list.hpp>
+#include "common/intrusive_list.h"
 
 #include "core/hle/kernel/slab_helpers.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/svc_types.h"
 
 namespace Kernel {
 
-class KEventInfo : public KSlabAllocated<KEventInfo>, public boost::intrusive::list_base_hook<> {
+class KEventInfo : public KSlabAllocated<KEventInfo>,
+                   public Common::IntrusiveListBaseNode<KEventInfo> {
 public:
     struct InfoCreateThread {
         u32 thread_id{};
diff --git a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_object_name.h b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_object_name.h
index 2d97fc777..a8876fe37 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_object_name.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_object_name.h
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 
 #include <array>
 #include <memory>
-#include <boost/intrusive/list.hpp>
+
+#include "common/intrusive_list.h"
 
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_light_lock.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/slab_helpers.h"
@@ -15,13 +16,14 @@ namespace Kernel {
 
 class KObjectNameGlobalData;
 
-class KObjectName : public KSlabAllocated<KObjectName>, public boost::intrusive::list_base_hook<> {
+class KObjectName : public KSlabAllocated<KObjectName>,
+                    public Common::IntrusiveListBaseNode<KObjectName> {
 public:
     explicit KObjectName(KernelCore&) {}
     virtual ~KObjectName() = default;
 
     static constexpr size_t NameLengthMax = 12;
-    using List = boost::intrusive::list<KObjectName>;
+    using List = Common::IntrusiveListBaseTraits<KObjectName>::ListType;
 
     static Result NewFromName(KernelCore& kernel, KAutoObject* obj, const char* name);
     static Result Delete(KernelCore& kernel, KAutoObject* obj, const char* name);
diff --git a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_server_port.h b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_server_port.h
index 21c040e62..625280290 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_server_port.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_server_port.h
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include <boost/intrusive/list.hpp>
+#include "common/intrusive_list.h"
 
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_server_session.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_synchronization_object.h"
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public:
     bool IsSignaled() const override;
 
 private:
-    using SessionList = boost::intrusive::list<KServerSession>;
+    using SessionList = Common::IntrusiveListBaseTraits<KServerSession>::ListType;
 
     void CleanupSessions();
 
diff --git a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_server_session.h b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_server_session.h
index 5ee02f556..403891919 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_server_session.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_server_session.h
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 
-#include <boost/intrusive/list.hpp>
+#include "common/intrusive_list.h"
 
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_light_lock.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_session_request.h"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class KSession;
 class KThread;
 
 class KServerSession final : public KSynchronizationObject,
-                             public boost::intrusive::list_base_hook<> {
+                             public Common::IntrusiveListBaseNode<KServerSession> {
     KERNEL_AUTOOBJECT_TRAITS(KServerSession, KSynchronizationObject);
 
     friend class ServiceThread;
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ private:
     KSession* m_parent{};
 
     /// List of threads which are pending a reply.
-    boost::intrusive::list<KSessionRequest> m_request_list{};
+    using RequestList = Common::IntrusiveListBaseTraits<KSessionRequest>::ListType;
+    RequestList m_request_list{};
     KSessionRequest* m_current_request{};
 
     KLightLock m_lock;
diff --git a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_session_request.h b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_session_request.h
index b5f04907b..283669e0a 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_session_request.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_session_request.h
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 #include <array>
 
+#include "common/intrusive_list.h"
+
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_auto_object.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_event.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_memory_block.h"
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ namespace Kernel {
 
 class KSessionRequest final : public KSlabAllocated<KSessionRequest>,
                               public KAutoObject,
-                              public boost::intrusive::list_base_hook<> {
+                              public Common::IntrusiveListBaseNode<KSessionRequest> {
     KERNEL_AUTOOBJECT_TRAITS(KSessionRequest, KAutoObject);
 
 public:
diff --git a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_shared_memory_info.h b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_shared_memory_info.h
index 75b73ba39..2d8ff20d6 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_shared_memory_info.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_shared_memory_info.h
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <boost/intrusive/list.hpp>
+#include "common/intrusive_list.h"
 
 #include "core/hle/kernel/slab_helpers.h"
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ namespace Kernel {
 class KSharedMemory;
 
 class KSharedMemoryInfo final : public KSlabAllocated<KSharedMemoryInfo>,
-                                public boost::intrusive::list_base_hook<> {
+                                public Common::IntrusiveListBaseNode<KSharedMemoryInfo> {
 
 public:
     explicit KSharedMemoryInfo(KernelCore&) {}
diff --git a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_thread.h b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_thread.h
index 9c1a41128..f9814ac8f 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/kernel/k_thread.h
+++ b/src/core/hle/kernel/k_thread.h
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <boost/intrusive/list.hpp>
+#include "common/intrusive_list.h"
 
 #include "common/intrusive_red_black_tree.h"
 #include "common/spin_lock.h"
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ s32 GetCurrentCoreId(KernelCore& kernel);
 Core::Memory::Memory& GetCurrentMemory(KernelCore& kernel);
 
 class KThread final : public KAutoObjectWithSlabHeapAndContainer<KThread, KWorkerTask>,
-                      public boost::intrusive::list_base_hook<>,
+                      public Common::IntrusiveListBaseNode<KThread>,
                       public KTimerTask {
     KERNEL_AUTOOBJECT_TRAITS(KThread, KSynchronizationObject);
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ public:
 public:
     using ThreadContext32 = Core::ARM_Interface::ThreadContext32;
     using ThreadContext64 = Core::ARM_Interface::ThreadContext64;
-    using WaiterList = boost::intrusive::list<KThread>;
+    using WaiterList = Common::IntrusiveListBaseTraits<KThread>::ListType;
 
     /**
      * Gets the thread's current priority
@@ -750,8 +750,9 @@ private:
         ConditionVariableThreadTreeTraits::TreeType<LockWithPriorityInheritanceComparator>;
 
 public:
-    class LockWithPriorityInheritanceInfo : public KSlabAllocated<LockWithPriorityInheritanceInfo>,
-                                            public boost::intrusive::list_base_hook<> {
+    class LockWithPriorityInheritanceInfo
+        : public KSlabAllocated<LockWithPriorityInheritanceInfo>,
+          public Common::IntrusiveListBaseNode<LockWithPriorityInheritanceInfo> {
     public:
         explicit LockWithPriorityInheritanceInfo(KernelCore&) {}
 
@@ -839,7 +840,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
     using LockWithPriorityInheritanceInfoList =
-        boost::intrusive::list<LockWithPriorityInheritanceInfo>;
+        Common::IntrusiveListBaseTraits<LockWithPriorityInheritanceInfo>::ListType;
 
     ConditionVariableThreadTree* m_condvar_tree{};
     u64 m_condvar_key{};
diff --git a/src/shader_recompiler/backend/spirv/emit_spirv_context_get_set.cpp b/src/shader_recompiler/backend/spirv/emit_spirv_context_get_set.cpp
index 0cd87a48f..fee510f7b 100644
--- a/src/shader_recompiler/backend/spirv/emit_spirv_context_get_set.cpp
+++ b/src/shader_recompiler/backend/spirv/emit_spirv_context_get_set.cpp
@@ -473,7 +473,8 @@ void EmitSetFragColor(EmitContext& ctx, u32 index, u32 component, Id value) {
 }
 
 void EmitSetSampleMask(EmitContext& ctx, Id value) {
-    ctx.OpStore(ctx.sample_mask, value);
+    const Id pointer{ctx.OpAccessChain(ctx.output_u32, ctx.sample_mask, ctx.u32_zero_value)};
+    ctx.OpStore(pointer, value);
 }
 
 void EmitSetFragDepth(EmitContext& ctx, Id value) {
diff --git a/src/shader_recompiler/backend/spirv/spirv_emit_context.cpp b/src/shader_recompiler/backend/spirv/spirv_emit_context.cpp
index d48d4860e..47739794f 100644
--- a/src/shader_recompiler/backend/spirv/spirv_emit_context.cpp
+++ b/src/shader_recompiler/backend/spirv/spirv_emit_context.cpp
@@ -1572,7 +1572,8 @@ void EmitContext::DefineOutputs(const IR::Program& program) {
             Decorate(frag_depth, spv::Decoration::BuiltIn, spv::BuiltIn::FragDepth);
         }
         if (info.stores_sample_mask) {
-            sample_mask = DefineOutput(*this, U32[1], std::nullopt);
+            const Id array_type{TypeArray(U32[1], Const(1U))};
+            sample_mask = DefineOutput(*this, array_type, std::nullopt);
             Decorate(sample_mask, spv::Decoration::BuiltIn, spv::BuiltIn::SampleMask);
         }
         break;
diff --git a/src/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/src/tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 39b774c98..1e158f375 100644
--- a/src/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ add_executable(tests
     core/core_timing.cpp
     core/internal_network/network.cpp
     precompiled_headers.h
-    video_core/buffer_base.cpp
+    video_core/memory_tracker.cpp
     input_common/calibration_configuration_job.cpp
 )
 
diff --git a/src/tests/video_core/buffer_base.cpp b/src/tests/video_core/buffer_base.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 734dbf4b6..000000000
--- a/src/tests/video_core/buffer_base.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,549 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-
-#include <stdexcept>
-#include <unordered_map>
-
-#include <catch2/catch_test_macros.hpp>
-
-#include "common/alignment.h"
-#include "common/common_types.h"
-#include "video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h"
-
-namespace {
-using VideoCommon::BufferBase;
-using Range = std::pair<u64, u64>;
-
-constexpr u64 PAGE = 4096;
-constexpr u64 WORD = 4096 * 64;
-
-constexpr VAddr c = 0x1328914000;
-
-class RasterizerInterface {
-public:
-    void UpdatePagesCachedCount(VAddr addr, u64 size, int delta) {
-        const u64 page_start{addr >> Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGEBITS};
-        const u64 page_end{(addr + size + Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGESIZE - 1) >>
-                           Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGEBITS};
-        for (u64 page = page_start; page < page_end; ++page) {
-            int& value = page_table[page];
-            value += delta;
-            if (value < 0) {
-                throw std::logic_error{"negative page"};
-            }
-            if (value == 0) {
-                page_table.erase(page);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] int Count(VAddr addr) const noexcept {
-        const auto it = page_table.find(addr >> Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGEBITS);
-        return it == page_table.end() ? 0 : it->second;
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] unsigned Count() const noexcept {
-        unsigned count = 0;
-        for (const auto& [index, value] : page_table) {
-            count += value;
-        }
-        return count;
-    }
-
-private:
-    std::unordered_map<u64, int> page_table;
-};
-} // Anonymous namespace
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Small buffer", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == WORD / PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD) == Range{0, 0});
-
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE, 1);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD) == Range{PAGE * 1, PAGE * 2});
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Large buffer", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 32);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 32);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + 4096, WORD * 4);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD + PAGE * 2) == Range{PAGE, WORD + PAGE * 2});
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c + PAGE * 2, PAGE * 6) == Range{PAGE * 2, PAGE * 8});
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD * 32) == Range{PAGE, WORD * 4 + PAGE});
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c + WORD * 4, PAGE) == Range{WORD * 4, WORD * 4 + PAGE});
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c + WORD * 3 + PAGE * 63, PAGE) ==
-            Range{WORD * 3 + PAGE * 63, WORD * 4});
-
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD * 5 + PAGE * 6, PAGE);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD * 5 + PAGE * 8, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c + WORD * 5, WORD) ==
-            Range{WORD * 5 + PAGE * 6, WORD * 5 + PAGE * 9});
-
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD * 5 + PAGE * 8, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c + WORD * 5, WORD) ==
-            Range{WORD * 5 + PAGE * 6, WORD * 5 + PAGE * 7});
-
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE, WORD * 31 + PAGE * 63);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD * 32) == Range{PAGE, WORD * 32});
-
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 4, PAGE);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 6, PAGE);
-
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 32);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD * 32) == Range{0, 0});
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Rasterizer counting", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, PAGE * 2);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 1);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE * 2);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 2);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE * 2);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Basic range", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
-    int num = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == 0U);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 1U);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Border upload", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 2);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 2);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD * 2, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD - PAGE);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 2);
-    });
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Border upload range", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 2);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 2);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD - PAGE);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 2);
-    });
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD - PAGE);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
-    });
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD, PAGE, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
-    });
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Border upload partial range", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 2);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 2);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD - 1, 2, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD - PAGE);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 2);
-    });
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD - 1, 1, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD - PAGE);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
-    });
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD + 50, 1, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
-    });
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Partial word uploads", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, 0x9d000);
-    int num = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == 0U);
-        REQUIRE(size == WORD);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 1);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD);
-        REQUIRE(size == WORD);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 2);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + 0x79000, 0x24000, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD * 2);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 0x1d);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 3);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Partial page upload", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    int num = 0;
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 2, PAGE);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 9, PAGE);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, PAGE * 3, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == PAGE * 2);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 1);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE * 7, PAGE * 3, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == PAGE * 9);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 2);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Partial page upload with multiple words on the right") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 8);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 8);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 13, WORD * 7);
-    int num = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE * 10, WORD * 7, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == PAGE * 13);
-        REQUIRE(size == WORD * 7 - PAGE * 3);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 1);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE, WORD * 8, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD * 7 + PAGE * 10);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 3);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 2);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Partial page upload with multiple words on the left", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 8);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 8);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 13, WORD * 7);
-    int num = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE * 16, WORD * 7, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == PAGE * 16);
-        REQUIRE(size == WORD * 7 - PAGE * 3);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 1);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == PAGE * 13);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 3);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 2);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Partial page upload with multiple words in the middle", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 8);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 8);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 13, PAGE * 140);
-    int num = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE * 16, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == PAGE * 16);
-        REQUIRE(size == WORD);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 1);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == PAGE * 13);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 3);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 2);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD * 8, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD + PAGE * 16);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 73);
-        ++num;
-    });
-    REQUIRE(num == 3);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Empty right bits", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 2048);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 2048);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD * 2048, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
-        REQUIRE(offset == WORD - PAGE);
-        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 2);
-    });
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Out of bound ranges 1", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
-    int num = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c - WORD, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c - PAGE, PAGE, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
-    REQUIRE(num == 0);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c - PAGE, PAGE * 2, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
-    REQUIRE(num == 1);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Out of bound ranges 2", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, 0x22000);
-    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + 0x22000, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + 0x28000, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + 0x21100, PAGE - 0x100));
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 1);
-    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c - 0x1000, PAGE * 2));
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c - 0x3000, PAGE * 2);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c - 0x2000, PAGE * 2);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 2);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Out of bound ranges 3", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, 0x310720);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, 0x310720);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count(c) == 1);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count(c + PAGE) == 1);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count(c + WORD) == 1);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count(c + WORD + PAGE) == 1);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Sparse regions 1", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 1, PAGE);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 3, PAGE * 4);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [i = 0](u64 offset, u64 size) mutable {
-        static constexpr std::array<u64, 2> offsets{PAGE, PAGE * 3};
-        static constexpr std::array<u64, 2> sizes{PAGE, PAGE * 4};
-        REQUIRE(offset == offsets.at(i));
-        REQUIRE(size == sizes.at(i));
-        ++i;
-    });
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Sparse regions 2", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, 0x22000);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, 0x22000);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0x22);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 0x1B, PAGE);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 0x21, PAGE);
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [i = 0](u64 offset, u64 size) mutable {
-        static constexpr std::array<u64, 2> offsets{PAGE * 0x1B, PAGE * 0x21};
-        static constexpr std::array<u64, 2> sizes{PAGE, PAGE};
-        REQUIRE(offset == offsets.at(i));
-        REQUIRE(size == sizes.at(i));
-        ++i;
-    });
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Single page modified range", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE));
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE));
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Two page modified range", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, PAGE * 2);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE * 2));
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE));
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Multi word modified ranges", "[video_core]") {
-    for (int offset = 0; offset < 4; ++offset) {
-        const VAddr address = c + WORD * offset;
-        RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-        BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, address, WORD * 4);
-        REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(address, PAGE));
-        REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 48, PAGE));
-        REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 56, PAGE));
-
-        buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(address + PAGE * 32, PAGE);
-        REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE, WORD));
-        REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 31, PAGE));
-        REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 32, PAGE));
-        REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 33, PAGE));
-        REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 31, PAGE * 2));
-        REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 32, PAGE * 2));
-
-        buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(address + PAGE * 33, PAGE);
-        REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 32, PAGE * 2));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Single page in large buffer", "[video_core]") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 16);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 16);
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c, WORD * 16));
-
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 8, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c, WORD * 16));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 10, WORD * 2));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 11, WORD * 2));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12, WORD * 2));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 4, PAGE * 8));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 6, PAGE * 8));
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 6, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 7, PAGE * 2));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 8, PAGE * 2));
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Out of bounds region query") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 16);
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c - PAGE, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c - PAGE * 2, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 16, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 16 - PAGE, WORD * 64));
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 16, WORD * 64));
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Wrap word regions") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD * 2);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 2);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 63, PAGE * 2);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c, WORD * 2));
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 62, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 63, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 64, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 63, PAGE * 2));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 63, PAGE * 8));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 60, PAGE * 8));
-
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 127, WORD * 16));
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 127, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 127, WORD * 16));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 127, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 126, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 126, PAGE * 2));
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 128, WORD * 16));
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Unaligned page region query") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + 4000, 1000);
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + 4000, 1000));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + 4000, 1));
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Cached write") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    buffer.CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    buffer.FlushCachedWrites();
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Multiple cached write") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    buffer.CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE, PAGE);
-    buffer.CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE * 3, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 3, PAGE));
-    buffer.FlushCachedWrites();
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 3, PAGE));
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Cached write unmarked") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    buffer.CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE, PAGE);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    buffer.FlushCachedWrites();
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Cached write iterated") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    buffer.CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE, PAGE);
-    int num = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
-    REQUIRE(num == 0);
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    buffer.FlushCachedWrites();
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-}
-
-TEST_CASE("BufferBase: Cached write downloads") {
-    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
-    BufferBase buffer(rasterizer, c, WORD);
-    buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 64);
-    buffer.CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE, PAGE);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 63);
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsGpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE);
-    int num = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachDownloadRangeAndClear(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
-    REQUIRE(num == 0);
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionGpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    buffer.FlushCachedWrites();
-    REQUIRE(buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    REQUIRE(!buffer.IsRegionGpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
-    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
-}
diff --git a/src/tests/video_core/memory_tracker.cpp b/src/tests/video_core/memory_tracker.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3981907a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tests/video_core/memory_tracker.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2023 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include <catch2/catch_test_macros.hpp>
+
+#include "common/alignment.h"
+#include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache/memory_tracker_base.h"
+
+namespace {
+using Range = std::pair<u64, u64>;
+
+constexpr u64 PAGE = 4096;
+constexpr u64 WORD = 4096 * 64;
+constexpr u64 HIGH_PAGE_BITS = 22;
+constexpr u64 HIGH_PAGE_SIZE = 1ULL << HIGH_PAGE_BITS;
+
+constexpr VAddr c = 16 * HIGH_PAGE_SIZE;
+
+class RasterizerInterface {
+public:
+    void UpdatePagesCachedCount(VAddr addr, u64 size, int delta) {
+        const u64 page_start{addr >> Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGEBITS};
+        const u64 page_end{(addr + size + Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGESIZE - 1) >>
+                           Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGEBITS};
+        for (u64 page = page_start; page < page_end; ++page) {
+            int& value = page_table[page];
+            value += delta;
+            if (value < 0) {
+                throw std::logic_error{"negative page"};
+            }
+            if (value == 0) {
+                page_table.erase(page);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] int Count(VAddr addr) const noexcept {
+        const auto it = page_table.find(addr >> Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGEBITS);
+        return it == page_table.end() ? 0 : it->second;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] unsigned Count() const noexcept {
+        unsigned count = 0;
+        for (const auto& [index, value] : page_table) {
+            count += value;
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::unordered_map<u64, int> page_table;
+};
+} // Anonymous namespace
+
+using MemoryTracker = VideoCommon::MemoryTrackerBase<RasterizerInterface>;
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Small region", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == WORD / PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD) == Range{0, 0});
+
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE, 1);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD) == Range{c + PAGE * 1, c + PAGE * 2});
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Large region", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 32);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + 4096, WORD * 4);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD + PAGE * 2) ==
+            Range{c + PAGE, c + WORD + PAGE * 2});
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c + PAGE * 2, PAGE * 6) ==
+            Range{c + PAGE * 2, c + PAGE * 8});
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD * 32) == Range{c + PAGE, c + WORD * 4 + PAGE});
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c + WORD * 4, PAGE) ==
+            Range{c + WORD * 4, c + WORD * 4 + PAGE});
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c + WORD * 3 + PAGE * 63, PAGE) ==
+            Range{c + WORD * 3 + PAGE * 63, c + WORD * 4});
+
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD * 5 + PAGE * 6, PAGE);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD * 5 + PAGE * 8, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c + WORD * 5, WORD) ==
+            Range{c + WORD * 5 + PAGE * 6, c + WORD * 5 + PAGE * 9});
+
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD * 5 + PAGE * 8, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c + WORD * 5, WORD) ==
+            Range{c + WORD * 5 + PAGE * 6, c + WORD * 5 + PAGE * 7});
+
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE, WORD * 31 + PAGE * 63);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD * 32) == Range{c + PAGE, c + WORD * 32});
+
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 4, PAGE);
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 6, PAGE);
+
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 32);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->ModifiedCpuRegion(c, WORD * 32) == Range{0, 0});
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Rasterizer counting", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 1);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE * 2);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 2);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE * 2);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Basic range", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
+    int num = 0;
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 1U);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Border upload", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 2);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD * 2, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD - PAGE);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 2);
+    });
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Border upload range", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 2);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD - PAGE);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 2);
+    });
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD - PAGE);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
+    });
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD, PAGE, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
+    });
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Border upload partial range", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 2);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD - 1, 2, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD - PAGE);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 2);
+    });
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD - 1, 1, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD - PAGE);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
+    });
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD + 50, 1, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
+    });
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Partial word uploads", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    int num = 0;
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c);
+        REQUIRE(size == WORD);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 1);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD);
+        REQUIRE(size == WORD);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 2);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + 0x79000, 0x24000, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD * 2);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 0x1d);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 3);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Partial page upload", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    int num = 0;
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 2, PAGE);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 9, PAGE);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, PAGE * 3, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + PAGE * 2);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 1);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE * 7, PAGE * 3, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + PAGE * 9);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 2);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Partial page upload with multiple words on the right") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 9);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 13, WORD * 7);
+    int num = 0;
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE * 10, WORD * 7, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + PAGE * 13);
+        REQUIRE(size == WORD * 7 - PAGE * 3);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 1);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE, WORD * 8, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD * 7 + PAGE * 10);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 3);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 2);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Partial page upload with multiple words on the left", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 8);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 13, WORD * 7);
+    int num = 0;
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE * 16, WORD * 7, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + PAGE * 16);
+        REQUIRE(size == WORD * 7 - PAGE * 3);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 1);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + PAGE * 13);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 3);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 2);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Partial page upload with multiple words in the middle", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 8);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 13, PAGE * 140);
+    int num = 0;
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + PAGE * 16, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + PAGE * 16);
+        REQUIRE(size == WORD);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 1);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + PAGE * 13);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 3);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 2);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD * 8, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD + PAGE * 16);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 73);
+        ++num;
+    });
+    REQUIRE(num == 3);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Empty right bits", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 2048);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD - PAGE, PAGE * 2);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD * 2048, [](u64 offset, u64 size) {
+        REQUIRE(offset == c + WORD - PAGE);
+        REQUIRE(size == PAGE * 2);
+    });
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Out of bound ranges 1", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c - WORD, 3 * WORD);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == (3 * WORD - PAGE) / PAGE);
+    int num = 0;
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c - WORD, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c + WORD, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c - PAGE, PAGE, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
+    REQUIRE(num == 0);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c - PAGE, PAGE * 2, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
+    REQUIRE(num == 1);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 2 * WORD / PAGE);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Out of bound ranges 2", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + 0x22000, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + 0x28000, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 2);
+    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + 0x21100, PAGE - 0x100));
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 3);
+    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c - PAGE, PAGE * 2));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c - PAGE * 3, PAGE * 2);
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c - PAGE * 2, PAGE * 2);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 7);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Out of bound ranges 3", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, 0x310720);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count(c) == 1);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count(c + PAGE) == 1);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count(c + WORD) == 1);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count(c + WORD + PAGE) == 1);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Sparse regions 1", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 1, PAGE);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 3, PAGE * 4);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [i = 0](u64 offset, u64 size) mutable {
+        static constexpr std::array<u64, 2> offsets{c + PAGE, c + PAGE * 3};
+        static constexpr std::array<u64, 2> sizes{PAGE, PAGE * 4};
+        REQUIRE(offset == offsets.at(i));
+        REQUIRE(size == sizes.at(i));
+        ++i;
+    });
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Sparse regions 2", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE * 0x23);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0x23);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 0x1B, PAGE);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 0x21, PAGE);
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, PAGE * 0x23, [i = 0](u64 offset, u64 size) mutable {
+        static constexpr std::array<u64, 3> offsets{c + PAGE * 0x1B, c + PAGE * 0x21};
+        static constexpr std::array<u64, 3> sizes{PAGE, PAGE};
+        REQUIRE(offset == offsets.at(i));
+        REQUIRE(size == sizes.at(i));
+        ++i;
+    });
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Single page modified range", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Two page modified range", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE * 2));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Multi word modified ranges", "[video_core]") {
+    for (int offset = 0; offset < 4; ++offset) {
+        const VAddr address = c + WORD * offset;
+        RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+        std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+        REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(address, PAGE));
+        REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 48, PAGE));
+        REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 56, PAGE));
+
+        memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(address + PAGE * 32, PAGE);
+        REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE, WORD));
+        REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 31, PAGE));
+        REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 32, PAGE));
+        REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 33, PAGE));
+        REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 31, PAGE * 2));
+        REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 32, PAGE * 2));
+
+        memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(address + PAGE * 33, PAGE);
+        REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(address + PAGE * 32, PAGE * 2));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Single page in large region", "[video_core]") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 16);
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c, WORD * 16));
+
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 8, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c, WORD * 16));
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 10, WORD * 2));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 11, WORD * 2));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12, WORD * 2));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 4, PAGE * 8));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 6, PAGE * 8));
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 6, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 7, PAGE * 2));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + WORD * 12 + PAGE * 8, PAGE * 2));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Wrap word regions") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD * 32);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 63, PAGE * 2);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c, WORD * 2));
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 62, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 63, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 64, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 63, PAGE * 2));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 63, PAGE * 8));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 60, PAGE * 8));
+
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 127, WORD * 16));
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE * 127, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 127, WORD * 16));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 127, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 126, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 126, PAGE * 2));
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 128, WORD * 16));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Unaligned page region query") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + 4000, 1000);
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + 4000, 1000));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + 4000, 1));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Cached write") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    memory_track->CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE, c + PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    memory_track->FlushCachedWrites();
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Multiple cached write") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    memory_track->CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE, PAGE);
+    memory_track->CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE * 3, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 3, PAGE));
+    memory_track->FlushCachedWrites();
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE * 3, PAGE));
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Cached write unmarked") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    memory_track->CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE, PAGE);
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    memory_track->FlushCachedWrites();
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Cached write iterated") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    memory_track->CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE, PAGE);
+    int num = 0;
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
+    REQUIRE(num == 0);
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    memory_track->FlushCachedWrites();
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("MemoryTracker: Cached write downloads") {
+    RasterizerInterface rasterizer;
+    std::unique_ptr<MemoryTracker> memory_track(std::make_unique<MemoryTracker>(rasterizer));
+    memory_track->UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 64);
+    memory_track->CachedCpuWrite(c + PAGE, PAGE);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 63);
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsGpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE);
+    int num = 0;
+    memory_track->ForEachDownloadRangeAndClear(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
+    REQUIRE(num == 1);
+    num = 0;
+    memory_track->ForEachUploadRange(c, WORD, [&](u64 offset, u64 size) { ++num; });
+    REQUIRE(num == 0);
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionGpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    memory_track->FlushCachedWrites();
+    REQUIRE(memory_track->IsRegionCpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    REQUIRE(!memory_track->IsRegionGpuModified(c + PAGE, PAGE));
+    memory_track->MarkRegionAsCpuModified(c, WORD);
+    REQUIRE(rasterizer.Count() == 0);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/video_core/CMakeLists.txt b/src/video_core/CMakeLists.txt
index e904573d7..92cab93f3 100644
--- a/src/video_core/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/video_core/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -11,8 +11,11 @@ endif()
 
 add_library(video_core STATIC
     buffer_cache/buffer_base.h
+    buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h
     buffer_cache/buffer_cache.cpp
     buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h
+    buffer_cache/memory_tracker_base.h
+    buffer_cache/word_manager.h
     cache_types.h
     cdma_pusher.cpp
     cdma_pusher.h
@@ -104,6 +107,7 @@ add_library(video_core STATIC
     renderer_null/renderer_null.h
     renderer_opengl/blit_image.cpp
     renderer_opengl/blit_image.h
+    renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache_base.cpp
     renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.cpp
     renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h
     renderer_opengl/gl_compute_pipeline.cpp
@@ -154,6 +158,7 @@ add_library(video_core STATIC
     renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp
     renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.cpp
     renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_screen.h
+    renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache_base.cpp
     renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.cpp
     renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.h
     renderer_vulkan/vk_command_pool.cpp
diff --git a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h
index 1b4d63616..9cbd95c4b 100644
--- a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h
+++ b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 #pragma once
 
@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@
 #include "common/alignment.h"
 #include "common/common_funcs.h"
 #include "common/common_types.h"
-#include "common/div_ceil.h"
-#include "common/settings.h"
-#include "core/memory.h"
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache/word_manager.h"
 
 namespace VideoCommon {
 
@@ -36,116 +34,12 @@ struct NullBufferParams {};
  */
 template <class RasterizerInterface>
 class BufferBase {
-    static constexpr u64 PAGES_PER_WORD = 64;
-    static constexpr u64 BYTES_PER_PAGE = Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGESIZE;
-    static constexpr u64 BYTES_PER_WORD = PAGES_PER_WORD * BYTES_PER_PAGE;
-
-    /// Vector tracking modified pages tightly packed with small vector optimization
-    union WordsArray {
-        /// Returns the pointer to the words state
-        [[nodiscard]] const u64* Pointer(bool is_short) const noexcept {
-            return is_short ? &stack : heap;
-        }
-
-        /// Returns the pointer to the words state
-        [[nodiscard]] u64* Pointer(bool is_short) noexcept {
-            return is_short ? &stack : heap;
-        }
-
-        u64 stack = 0; ///< Small buffers storage
-        u64* heap;     ///< Not-small buffers pointer to the storage
-    };
-
-    struct Words {
-        explicit Words() = default;
-        explicit Words(u64 size_bytes_) : size_bytes{size_bytes_} {
-            if (IsShort()) {
-                cpu.stack = ~u64{0};
-                gpu.stack = 0;
-                cached_cpu.stack = 0;
-                untracked.stack = ~u64{0};
-            } else {
-                // Share allocation between CPU and GPU pages and set their default values
-                const size_t num_words = NumWords();
-                u64* const alloc = new u64[num_words * 4];
-                cpu.heap = alloc;
-                gpu.heap = alloc + num_words;
-                cached_cpu.heap = alloc + num_words * 2;
-                untracked.heap = alloc + num_words * 3;
-                std::fill_n(cpu.heap, num_words, ~u64{0});
-                std::fill_n(gpu.heap, num_words, 0);
-                std::fill_n(cached_cpu.heap, num_words, 0);
-                std::fill_n(untracked.heap, num_words, ~u64{0});
-            }
-            // Clean up tailing bits
-            const u64 last_word_size = size_bytes % BYTES_PER_WORD;
-            const u64 last_local_page = Common::DivCeil(last_word_size, BYTES_PER_PAGE);
-            const u64 shift = (PAGES_PER_WORD - last_local_page) % PAGES_PER_WORD;
-            const u64 last_word = (~u64{0} << shift) >> shift;
-            cpu.Pointer(IsShort())[NumWords() - 1] = last_word;
-            untracked.Pointer(IsShort())[NumWords() - 1] = last_word;
-        }
-
-        ~Words() {
-            Release();
-        }
-
-        Words& operator=(Words&& rhs) noexcept {
-            Release();
-            size_bytes = rhs.size_bytes;
-            cpu = rhs.cpu;
-            gpu = rhs.gpu;
-            cached_cpu = rhs.cached_cpu;
-            untracked = rhs.untracked;
-            rhs.cpu.heap = nullptr;
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        Words(Words&& rhs) noexcept
-            : size_bytes{rhs.size_bytes}, cpu{rhs.cpu}, gpu{rhs.gpu},
-              cached_cpu{rhs.cached_cpu}, untracked{rhs.untracked} {
-            rhs.cpu.heap = nullptr;
-        }
-
-        Words& operator=(const Words&) = delete;
-        Words(const Words&) = delete;
-
-        /// Returns true when the buffer fits in the small vector optimization
-        [[nodiscard]] bool IsShort() const noexcept {
-            return size_bytes <= BYTES_PER_WORD;
-        }
-
-        /// Returns the number of words of the buffer
-        [[nodiscard]] size_t NumWords() const noexcept {
-            return Common::DivCeil(size_bytes, BYTES_PER_WORD);
-        }
-
-        /// Release buffer resources
-        void Release() {
-            if (!IsShort()) {
-                // CPU written words is the base for the heap allocation
-                delete[] cpu.heap;
-            }
-        }
-
-        u64 size_bytes = 0;
-        WordsArray cpu;
-        WordsArray gpu;
-        WordsArray cached_cpu;
-        WordsArray untracked;
-    };
-
-    enum class Type {
-        CPU,
-        GPU,
-        CachedCPU,
-        Untracked,
-    };
-
 public:
-    explicit BufferBase(RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_, VAddr cpu_addr_, u64 size_bytes)
-        : rasterizer{&rasterizer_}, cpu_addr{Common::AlignDown(cpu_addr_, BYTES_PER_PAGE)},
-          words(Common::AlignUp(size_bytes + (cpu_addr_ - cpu_addr), BYTES_PER_PAGE)) {}
+    static constexpr u64 BASE_PAGE_BITS = 16;
+    static constexpr u64 BASE_PAGE_SIZE = 1ULL << BASE_PAGE_BITS;
+
+    explicit BufferBase(RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_, VAddr cpu_addr_, u64 size_bytes_)
+        : cpu_addr{cpu_addr_}, size_bytes{size_bytes_} {}
 
     explicit BufferBase(NullBufferParams) {}
 
@@ -155,100 +49,6 @@ public:
     BufferBase& operator=(BufferBase&&) = default;
     BufferBase(BufferBase&&) = default;
 
-    /// Returns the inclusive CPU modified range in a begin end pair
-    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<u64, u64> ModifiedCpuRegion(VAddr query_cpu_addr,
-                                                        u64 query_size) const noexcept {
-        const u64 offset = query_cpu_addr - cpu_addr;
-        return ModifiedRegion<Type::CPU>(offset, query_size);
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the inclusive GPU modified range in a begin end pair
-    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<u64, u64> ModifiedGpuRegion(VAddr query_cpu_addr,
-                                                        u64 query_size) const noexcept {
-        const u64 offset = query_cpu_addr - cpu_addr;
-        return ModifiedRegion<Type::GPU>(offset, query_size);
-    }
-
-    /// Returns true if a region has been modified from the CPU
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionCpuModified(VAddr query_cpu_addr, u64 query_size) const noexcept {
-        const u64 offset = query_cpu_addr - cpu_addr;
-        return IsRegionModified<Type::CPU>(offset, query_size);
-    }
-
-    /// Returns true if a region has been modified from the GPU
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionGpuModified(VAddr query_cpu_addr, u64 query_size) const noexcept {
-        const u64 offset = query_cpu_addr - cpu_addr;
-        return IsRegionModified<Type::GPU>(offset, query_size);
-    }
-
-    /// Mark region as CPU modified, notifying the rasterizer about this change
-    void MarkRegionAsCpuModified(VAddr dirty_cpu_addr, u64 size) {
-        ChangeRegionState<Type::CPU, true>(dirty_cpu_addr, size);
-    }
-
-    /// Unmark region as CPU modified, notifying the rasterizer about this change
-    void UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(VAddr dirty_cpu_addr, u64 size) {
-        ChangeRegionState<Type::CPU, false>(dirty_cpu_addr, size);
-    }
-
-    /// Mark region as modified from the host GPU
-    void MarkRegionAsGpuModified(VAddr dirty_cpu_addr, u64 size) noexcept {
-        ChangeRegionState<Type::GPU, true>(dirty_cpu_addr, size);
-    }
-
-    /// Unmark region as modified from the host GPU
-    void UnmarkRegionAsGpuModified(VAddr dirty_cpu_addr, u64 size) noexcept {
-        ChangeRegionState<Type::GPU, false>(dirty_cpu_addr, size);
-    }
-
-    /// Mark region as modified from the CPU
-    /// but don't mark it as modified until FlusHCachedWrites is called.
-    void CachedCpuWrite(VAddr dirty_cpu_addr, u64 size) {
-        flags |= BufferFlagBits::CachedWrites;
-        ChangeRegionState<Type::CachedCPU, true>(dirty_cpu_addr, size);
-    }
-
-    /// Flushes cached CPU writes, and notify the rasterizer about the deltas
-    void FlushCachedWrites() noexcept {
-        flags &= ~BufferFlagBits::CachedWrites;
-        const u64 num_words = NumWords();
-        u64* const cached_words = Array<Type::CachedCPU>();
-        u64* const untracked_words = Array<Type::Untracked>();
-        u64* const cpu_words = Array<Type::CPU>();
-        for (u64 word_index = 0; word_index < num_words; ++word_index) {
-            const u64 cached_bits = cached_words[word_index];
-            NotifyRasterizer<false>(word_index, untracked_words[word_index], cached_bits);
-            untracked_words[word_index] |= cached_bits;
-            cpu_words[word_index] |= cached_bits;
-            if (!Settings::values.use_pessimistic_flushes) {
-                cached_words[word_index] = 0;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Call 'func' for each CPU modified range and unmark those pages as CPU modified
-    template <typename Func>
-    void ForEachUploadRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, u64 size, Func&& func) {
-        ForEachModifiedRange<Type::CPU>(query_cpu_range, size, true, func);
-    }
-
-    /// Call 'func' for each GPU modified range and unmark those pages as GPU modified
-    template <typename Func>
-    void ForEachDownloadRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, u64 size, bool clear, Func&& func) {
-        ForEachModifiedRange<Type::GPU>(query_cpu_range, size, clear, func);
-    }
-
-    template <typename Func>
-    void ForEachDownloadRangeAndClear(VAddr query_cpu_range, u64 size, Func&& func) {
-        ForEachModifiedRange<Type::GPU>(query_cpu_range, size, true, func);
-    }
-
-    /// Call 'func' for each GPU modified range and unmark those pages as GPU modified
-    template <typename Func>
-    void ForEachDownloadRange(Func&& func) {
-        ForEachModifiedRange<Type::GPU>(cpu_addr, SizeBytes(), true, func);
-    }
-
     /// Mark buffer as picked
     void Pick() noexcept {
         flags |= BufferFlagBits::Picked;
@@ -295,11 +95,6 @@ public:
         return static_cast<u32>(other_cpu_addr - cpu_addr);
     }
 
-    /// Returns the size in bytes of the buffer
-    [[nodiscard]] u64 SizeBytes() const noexcept {
-        return words.size_bytes;
-    }
-
     size_t getLRUID() const noexcept {
         return lru_id;
     }
@@ -308,305 +103,16 @@ public:
         lru_id = lru_id_;
     }
 
-private:
-    template <Type type>
-    u64* Array() noexcept {
-        if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
-            return words.cpu.Pointer(IsShort());
-        } else if constexpr (type == Type::GPU) {
-            return words.gpu.Pointer(IsShort());
-        } else if constexpr (type == Type::CachedCPU) {
-            return words.cached_cpu.Pointer(IsShort());
-        } else if constexpr (type == Type::Untracked) {
-            return words.untracked.Pointer(IsShort());
-        }
-    }
-
-    template <Type type>
-    const u64* Array() const noexcept {
-        if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
-            return words.cpu.Pointer(IsShort());
-        } else if constexpr (type == Type::GPU) {
-            return words.gpu.Pointer(IsShort());
-        } else if constexpr (type == Type::CachedCPU) {
-            return words.cached_cpu.Pointer(IsShort());
-        } else if constexpr (type == Type::Untracked) {
-            return words.untracked.Pointer(IsShort());
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Change the state of a range of pages
-     *
-     * @param dirty_addr    Base address to mark or unmark as modified
-     * @param size          Size in bytes to mark or unmark as modified
-     */
-    template <Type type, bool enable>
-    void ChangeRegionState(u64 dirty_addr, s64 size) noexcept(type == Type::GPU) {
-        const s64 difference = dirty_addr - cpu_addr;
-        const u64 offset = std::max<s64>(difference, 0);
-        size += std::min<s64>(difference, 0);
-        if (offset >= SizeBytes() || size < 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        u64* const untracked_words = Array<Type::Untracked>();
-        u64* const state_words = Array<type>();
-        const u64 offset_end = std::min(offset + size, SizeBytes());
-        const u64 begin_page_index = offset / BYTES_PER_PAGE;
-        const u64 begin_word_index = begin_page_index / PAGES_PER_WORD;
-        const u64 end_page_index = Common::DivCeil(offset_end, BYTES_PER_PAGE);
-        const u64 end_word_index = Common::DivCeil(end_page_index, PAGES_PER_WORD);
-        u64 page_index = begin_page_index % PAGES_PER_WORD;
-        u64 word_index = begin_word_index;
-        while (word_index < end_word_index) {
-            const u64 next_word_first_page = (word_index + 1) * PAGES_PER_WORD;
-            const u64 left_offset =
-                std::min(next_word_first_page - end_page_index, PAGES_PER_WORD) % PAGES_PER_WORD;
-            const u64 right_offset = page_index;
-            u64 bits = ~u64{0};
-            bits = (bits >> right_offset) << right_offset;
-            bits = (bits << left_offset) >> left_offset;
-            if constexpr (type == Type::CPU || type == Type::CachedCPU) {
-                NotifyRasterizer<!enable>(word_index, untracked_words[word_index], bits);
-            }
-            if constexpr (enable) {
-                state_words[word_index] |= bits;
-                if constexpr (type == Type::CPU || type == Type::CachedCPU) {
-                    untracked_words[word_index] |= bits;
-                }
-            } else {
-                state_words[word_index] &= ~bits;
-                if constexpr (type == Type::CPU || type == Type::CachedCPU) {
-                    untracked_words[word_index] &= ~bits;
-                }
-            }
-            page_index = 0;
-            ++word_index;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Notify rasterizer about changes in the CPU tracking state of a word in the buffer
-     *
-     * @param word_index   Index to the word to notify to the rasterizer
-     * @param current_bits Current state of the word
-     * @param new_bits     New state of the word
-     *
-     * @tparam add_to_rasterizer True when the rasterizer should start tracking the new pages
-     */
-    template <bool add_to_rasterizer>
-    void NotifyRasterizer(u64 word_index, u64 current_bits, u64 new_bits) const {
-        u64 changed_bits = (add_to_rasterizer ? current_bits : ~current_bits) & new_bits;
-        VAddr addr = cpu_addr + word_index * BYTES_PER_WORD;
-        while (changed_bits != 0) {
-            const int empty_bits = std::countr_zero(changed_bits);
-            addr += empty_bits * BYTES_PER_PAGE;
-            changed_bits >>= empty_bits;
-
-            const u32 continuous_bits = std::countr_one(changed_bits);
-            const u64 size = continuous_bits * BYTES_PER_PAGE;
-            const VAddr begin_addr = addr;
-            addr += size;
-            changed_bits = continuous_bits < PAGES_PER_WORD ? (changed_bits >> continuous_bits) : 0;
-            rasterizer->UpdatePagesCachedCount(begin_addr, size, add_to_rasterizer ? 1 : -1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Loop over each page in the given range, turn off those bits and notify the rasterizer if
-     * needed. Call the given function on each turned off range.
-     *
-     * @param query_cpu_range Base CPU address to loop over
-     * @param size            Size in bytes of the CPU range to loop over
-     * @param func            Function to call for each turned off region
-     */
-    template <Type type, typename Func>
-    void ForEachModifiedRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, s64 size, bool clear, Func&& func) {
-        static_assert(type != Type::Untracked);
-
-        const s64 difference = query_cpu_range - cpu_addr;
-        const u64 query_begin = std::max<s64>(difference, 0);
-        size += std::min<s64>(difference, 0);
-        if (query_begin >= SizeBytes() || size < 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        u64* const untracked_words = Array<Type::Untracked>();
-        u64* const state_words = Array<type>();
-        const u64 query_end = query_begin + std::min(static_cast<u64>(size), SizeBytes());
-        u64* const words_begin = state_words + query_begin / BYTES_PER_WORD;
-        u64* const words_end = state_words + Common::DivCeil(query_end, BYTES_PER_WORD);
-
-        const auto modified = [](u64 word) { return word != 0; };
-        const auto first_modified_word = std::find_if(words_begin, words_end, modified);
-        if (first_modified_word == words_end) {
-            // Exit early when the buffer is not modified
-            return;
-        }
-        const auto last_modified_word = std::find_if_not(first_modified_word, words_end, modified);
-
-        const u64 word_index_begin = std::distance(state_words, first_modified_word);
-        const u64 word_index_end = std::distance(state_words, last_modified_word);
-
-        const unsigned local_page_begin = std::countr_zero(*first_modified_word);
-        const unsigned local_page_end =
-            static_cast<unsigned>(PAGES_PER_WORD) - std::countl_zero(last_modified_word[-1]);
-        const u64 word_page_begin = word_index_begin * PAGES_PER_WORD;
-        const u64 word_page_end = (word_index_end - 1) * PAGES_PER_WORD;
-        const u64 query_page_begin = query_begin / BYTES_PER_PAGE;
-        const u64 query_page_end = Common::DivCeil(query_end, BYTES_PER_PAGE);
-        const u64 page_index_begin = std::max(word_page_begin + local_page_begin, query_page_begin);
-        const u64 page_index_end = std::min(word_page_end + local_page_end, query_page_end);
-        const u64 first_word_page_begin = page_index_begin % PAGES_PER_WORD;
-        const u64 last_word_page_end = (page_index_end - 1) % PAGES_PER_WORD + 1;
-
-        u64 page_begin = first_word_page_begin;
-        u64 current_base = 0;
-        u64 current_size = 0;
-        bool on_going = false;
-        for (u64 word_index = word_index_begin; word_index < word_index_end; ++word_index) {
-            const bool is_last_word = word_index + 1 == word_index_end;
-            const u64 page_end = is_last_word ? last_word_page_end : PAGES_PER_WORD;
-            const u64 right_offset = page_begin;
-            const u64 left_offset = PAGES_PER_WORD - page_end;
-            u64 bits = ~u64{0};
-            bits = (bits >> right_offset) << right_offset;
-            bits = (bits << left_offset) >> left_offset;
-
-            const u64 current_word = state_words[word_index] & bits;
-            if (clear) {
-                state_words[word_index] &= ~bits;
-            }
-
-            if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
-                const u64 current_bits = untracked_words[word_index] & bits;
-                untracked_words[word_index] &= ~bits;
-                NotifyRasterizer<true>(word_index, current_bits, ~u64{0});
-            }
-            // Exclude CPU modified pages when visiting GPU pages
-            const u64 word = current_word & ~(type == Type::GPU ? untracked_words[word_index] : 0);
-            u64 page = page_begin;
-            page_begin = 0;
-
-            while (page < page_end) {
-                const int empty_bits = std::countr_zero(word >> page);
-                if (on_going && empty_bits != 0) {
-                    InvokeModifiedRange(func, current_size, current_base);
-                    current_size = 0;
-                    on_going = false;
-                }
-                if (empty_bits == PAGES_PER_WORD) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                page += empty_bits;
-
-                const int continuous_bits = std::countr_one(word >> page);
-                if (!on_going && continuous_bits != 0) {
-                    current_base = word_index * PAGES_PER_WORD + page;
-                    on_going = true;
-                }
-                current_size += continuous_bits;
-                page += continuous_bits;
-            }
-        }
-        if (on_going && current_size > 0) {
-            InvokeModifiedRange(func, current_size, current_base);
-        }
-    }
-
-    template <typename Func>
-    void InvokeModifiedRange(Func&& func, u64 current_size, u64 current_base) {
-        const u64 current_size_bytes = current_size * BYTES_PER_PAGE;
-        const u64 offset_begin = current_base * BYTES_PER_PAGE;
-        const u64 offset_end = std::min(offset_begin + current_size_bytes, SizeBytes());
-        func(offset_begin, offset_end - offset_begin);
+    size_t SizeBytes() const {
+        return size_bytes;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns true when a region has been modified
-     *
-     * @param offset Offset in bytes from the start of the buffer
-     * @param size   Size in bytes of the region to query for modifications
-     */
-    template <Type type>
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionModified(u64 offset, u64 size) const noexcept {
-        static_assert(type != Type::Untracked);
-
-        const u64* const untracked_words = Array<Type::Untracked>();
-        const u64* const state_words = Array<type>();
-        const u64 num_query_words = size / BYTES_PER_WORD + 1;
-        const u64 word_begin = offset / BYTES_PER_WORD;
-        const u64 word_end = std::min<u64>(word_begin + num_query_words, NumWords());
-        const u64 page_limit = Common::DivCeil(offset + size, BYTES_PER_PAGE);
-        u64 page_index = (offset / BYTES_PER_PAGE) % PAGES_PER_WORD;
-        for (u64 word_index = word_begin; word_index < word_end; ++word_index, page_index = 0) {
-            const u64 off_word = type == Type::GPU ? untracked_words[word_index] : 0;
-            const u64 word = state_words[word_index] & ~off_word;
-            if (word == 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            const u64 page_end = std::min((word_index + 1) * PAGES_PER_WORD, page_limit);
-            const u64 local_page_end = page_end % PAGES_PER_WORD;
-            const u64 page_end_shift = (PAGES_PER_WORD - local_page_end) % PAGES_PER_WORD;
-            if (((word >> page_index) << page_index) << page_end_shift != 0) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a begin end pair with the inclusive modified region
-     *
-     * @param offset Offset in bytes from the start of the buffer
-     * @param size   Size in bytes of the region to query for modifications
-     */
-    template <Type type>
-    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<u64, u64> ModifiedRegion(u64 offset, u64 size) const noexcept {
-        static_assert(type != Type::Untracked);
-
-        const u64* const untracked_words = Array<Type::Untracked>();
-        const u64* const state_words = Array<type>();
-        const u64 num_query_words = size / BYTES_PER_WORD + 1;
-        const u64 word_begin = offset / BYTES_PER_WORD;
-        const u64 word_end = std::min<u64>(word_begin + num_query_words, NumWords());
-        const u64 page_base = offset / BYTES_PER_PAGE;
-        const u64 page_limit = Common::DivCeil(offset + size, BYTES_PER_PAGE);
-        u64 begin = std::numeric_limits<u64>::max();
-        u64 end = 0;
-        for (u64 word_index = word_begin; word_index < word_end; ++word_index) {
-            const u64 off_word = type == Type::GPU ? untracked_words[word_index] : 0;
-            const u64 word = state_words[word_index] & ~off_word;
-            if (word == 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            const u64 local_page_begin = std::countr_zero(word);
-            const u64 local_page_end = PAGES_PER_WORD - std::countl_zero(word);
-            const u64 page_index = word_index * PAGES_PER_WORD;
-            const u64 page_begin = std::max(page_index + local_page_begin, page_base);
-            const u64 page_end = std::min(page_index + local_page_end, page_limit);
-            begin = std::min(begin, page_begin);
-            end = std::max(end, page_end);
-        }
-        static constexpr std::pair<u64, u64> EMPTY{0, 0};
-        return begin < end ? std::make_pair(begin * BYTES_PER_PAGE, end * BYTES_PER_PAGE) : EMPTY;
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the number of words of the buffer
-    [[nodiscard]] size_t NumWords() const noexcept {
-        return words.NumWords();
-    }
-
-    /// Returns true when the buffer fits in the small vector optimization
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsShort() const noexcept {
-        return words.IsShort();
-    }
-
-    RasterizerInterface* rasterizer = nullptr;
+private:
     VAddr cpu_addr = 0;
-    Words words;
     BufferFlagBits flags{};
     int stream_score = 0;
     size_t lru_id = SIZE_MAX;
+    size_t size_bytes = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace VideoCommon
diff --git a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.cpp b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.cpp
index a16308b60..40db243d2 100644
--- a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2021 yuzu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 #include "common/microprofile.h"
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h
index abdc593df..7975564b5 100644
--- a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h
+++ b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h
@@ -1,485 +1,29 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2019 yuzu Emulator Project
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <array>
 #include <memory>
-#include <mutex>
 #include <numeric>
-#include <span>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <boost/container/small_vector.hpp>
-#include <boost/icl/interval_set.hpp>
-
-#include "common/common_types.h"
-#include "common/div_ceil.h"
-#include "common/literals.h"
-#include "common/lru_cache.h"
-#include "common/microprofile.h"
-#include "common/polyfill_ranges.h"
-#include "common/scratch_buffer.h"
-#include "common/settings.h"
-#include "core/memory.h"
-#include "video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h"
-#include "video_core/control/channel_state_cache.h"
-#include "video_core/delayed_destruction_ring.h"
-#include "video_core/dirty_flags.h"
-#include "video_core/engines/draw_manager.h"
-#include "video_core/engines/kepler_compute.h"
-#include "video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.h"
-#include "video_core/memory_manager.h"
-#include "video_core/rasterizer_interface.h"
-#include "video_core/surface.h"
-#include "video_core/texture_cache/slot_vector.h"
-#include "video_core/texture_cache/types.h"
 
-namespace VideoCommon {
-
-MICROPROFILE_DECLARE(GPU_PrepareBuffers);
-MICROPROFILE_DECLARE(GPU_BindUploadBuffers);
-MICROPROFILE_DECLARE(GPU_DownloadMemory);
-
-using BufferId = SlotId;
-
-using VideoCore::Surface::PixelFormat;
-using namespace Common::Literals;
-
-constexpr u32 NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS = 32;
-constexpr u32 NUM_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFERS = 4;
-constexpr u32 NUM_GRAPHICS_UNIFORM_BUFFERS = 18;
-constexpr u32 NUM_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BUFFERS = 8;
-constexpr u32 NUM_STORAGE_BUFFERS = 16;
-constexpr u32 NUM_TEXTURE_BUFFERS = 16;
-constexpr u32 NUM_STAGES = 5;
-
-enum class ObtainBufferSynchronize : u32 {
-    NoSynchronize = 0,
-    FullSynchronize = 1,
-    SynchronizeNoDirty = 2,
-};
-
-enum class ObtainBufferOperation : u32 {
-    DoNothing = 0,
-    MarkAsWritten = 1,
-    DiscardWrite = 2,
-    MarkQuery = 3,
-};
-
-using UniformBufferSizes = std::array<std::array<u32, NUM_GRAPHICS_UNIFORM_BUFFERS>, NUM_STAGES>;
-using ComputeUniformBufferSizes = std::array<u32, NUM_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BUFFERS>;
-
-template <typename P>
-class BufferCache : public VideoCommon::ChannelSetupCaches<VideoCommon::ChannelInfo> {
-
-    // Page size for caching purposes.
-    // This is unrelated to the CPU page size and it can be changed as it seems optimal.
-    static constexpr u32 YUZU_PAGEBITS = 16;
-    static constexpr u64 YUZU_PAGESIZE = u64{1} << YUZU_PAGEBITS;
-
-    static constexpr bool IS_OPENGL = P::IS_OPENGL;
-    static constexpr bool HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS =
-        P::HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS;
-    static constexpr bool HAS_FULL_INDEX_AND_PRIMITIVE_SUPPORT =
-        P::HAS_FULL_INDEX_AND_PRIMITIVE_SUPPORT;
-    static constexpr bool NEEDS_BIND_UNIFORM_INDEX = P::NEEDS_BIND_UNIFORM_INDEX;
-    static constexpr bool NEEDS_BIND_STORAGE_INDEX = P::NEEDS_BIND_STORAGE_INDEX;
-    static constexpr bool USE_MEMORY_MAPS = P::USE_MEMORY_MAPS;
-    static constexpr bool SEPARATE_IMAGE_BUFFERS_BINDINGS = P::SEPARATE_IMAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS;
-
-    static constexpr BufferId NULL_BUFFER_ID{0};
-
-    static constexpr s64 DEFAULT_EXPECTED_MEMORY = 512_MiB;
-    static constexpr s64 DEFAULT_CRITICAL_MEMORY = 1_GiB;
-    static constexpr s64 TARGET_THRESHOLD = 4_GiB;
-
-    using Maxwell = Tegra::Engines::Maxwell3D::Regs;
-
-    using Runtime = typename P::Runtime;
-    using Buffer = typename P::Buffer;
-
-    using IntervalSet = boost::icl::interval_set<VAddr>;
-    using IntervalType = typename IntervalSet::interval_type;
-
-    struct Empty {};
-
-    struct OverlapResult {
-        std::vector<BufferId> ids;
-        VAddr begin;
-        VAddr end;
-        bool has_stream_leap = false;
-    };
-
-    struct Binding {
-        VAddr cpu_addr{};
-        u32 size{};
-        BufferId buffer_id;
-    };
-
-    struct TextureBufferBinding : Binding {
-        PixelFormat format;
-    };
-
-    static constexpr Binding NULL_BINDING{
-        .cpu_addr = 0,
-        .size = 0,
-        .buffer_id = NULL_BUFFER_ID,
-    };
-
-public:
-    static constexpr u32 DEFAULT_SKIP_CACHE_SIZE = static_cast<u32>(4_KiB);
-
-    explicit BufferCache(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_,
-                         Core::Memory::Memory& cpu_memory_, Runtime& runtime_);
-
-    void TickFrame();
-
-    void WriteMemory(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size);
-
-    void CachedWriteMemory(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size);
-
-    void DownloadMemory(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size);
-
-    bool InlineMemory(VAddr dest_address, size_t copy_size, std::span<const u8> inlined_buffer);
-
-    void BindGraphicsUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 index, GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u32 size);
-
-    void DisableGraphicsUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 index);
-
-    void UpdateGraphicsBuffers(bool is_indexed);
-
-    void UpdateComputeBuffers();
-
-    void BindHostGeometryBuffers(bool is_indexed);
-
-    void BindHostStageBuffers(size_t stage);
-
-    void BindHostComputeBuffers();
-
-    void SetUniformBuffersState(const std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES>& mask,
-                                const UniformBufferSizes* sizes);
-
-    void SetComputeUniformBufferState(u32 mask, const ComputeUniformBufferSizes* sizes);
-
-    void UnbindGraphicsStorageBuffers(size_t stage);
-
-    void BindGraphicsStorageBuffer(size_t stage, size_t ssbo_index, u32 cbuf_index, u32 cbuf_offset,
-                                   bool is_written);
-
-    void UnbindGraphicsTextureBuffers(size_t stage);
-
-    void BindGraphicsTextureBuffer(size_t stage, size_t tbo_index, GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u32 size,
-                                   PixelFormat format, bool is_written, bool is_image);
-
-    void UnbindComputeStorageBuffers();
-
-    void BindComputeStorageBuffer(size_t ssbo_index, u32 cbuf_index, u32 cbuf_offset,
-                                  bool is_written);
-
-    void UnbindComputeTextureBuffers();
-
-    void BindComputeTextureBuffer(size_t tbo_index, GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u32 size, PixelFormat format,
-                                  bool is_written, bool is_image);
-
-    void FlushCachedWrites();
-
-    /// Return true when there are uncommitted buffers to be downloaded
-    [[nodiscard]] bool HasUncommittedFlushes() const noexcept;
-
-    void AccumulateFlushes();
-
-    /// Return true when the caller should wait for async downloads
-    [[nodiscard]] bool ShouldWaitAsyncFlushes() const noexcept;
-
-    /// Commit asynchronous downloads
-    void CommitAsyncFlushes();
-    void CommitAsyncFlushesHigh();
-
-    /// Pop asynchronous downloads
-    void PopAsyncFlushes();
-
-    bool DMACopy(GPUVAddr src_address, GPUVAddr dest_address, u64 amount);
-
-    bool DMAClear(GPUVAddr src_address, u64 amount, u32 value);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<Buffer*, u32> ObtainBuffer(GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u32 size,
-                                                       ObtainBufferSynchronize sync_info,
-                                                       ObtainBufferOperation post_op);
-
-    /// Return true when a CPU region is modified from the GPU
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionGpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size);
-
-    /// Return true when a region is registered on the cache
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionRegistered(VAddr addr, size_t size);
-
-    /// Return true when a CPU region is modified from the CPU
-    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionCpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size);
-
-    void SetDrawIndirect(
-        const Tegra::Engines::DrawManager::IndirectParams* current_draw_indirect_) {
-        current_draw_indirect = current_draw_indirect_;
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<Buffer*, u32> GetDrawIndirectCount();
-
-    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<Buffer*, u32> GetDrawIndirectBuffer();
-
-    std::recursive_mutex mutex;
-    Runtime& runtime;
-
-private:
-    template <typename Func>
-    static void ForEachEnabledBit(u32 enabled_mask, Func&& func) {
-        for (u32 index = 0; enabled_mask != 0; ++index, enabled_mask >>= 1) {
-            const int disabled_bits = std::countr_zero(enabled_mask);
-            index += disabled_bits;
-            enabled_mask >>= disabled_bits;
-            func(index);
-        }
-    }
-
-    template <typename Func>
-    void ForEachBufferInRange(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size, Func&& func) {
-        const u64 page_end = Common::DivCeil(cpu_addr + size, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
-        for (u64 page = cpu_addr >> YUZU_PAGEBITS; page < page_end;) {
-            const BufferId buffer_id = page_table[page];
-            if (!buffer_id) {
-                ++page;
-                continue;
-            }
-            Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
-            func(buffer_id, buffer);
-
-            const VAddr end_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + buffer.SizeBytes();
-            page = Common::DivCeil(end_addr, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
-        }
-    }
-
-    template <typename Func>
-    void ForEachWrittenRange(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size, Func&& func) {
-        const VAddr start_address = cpu_addr;
-        const VAddr end_address = start_address + size;
-        const VAddr search_base =
-            static_cast<VAddr>(std::min<s64>(0LL, static_cast<s64>(start_address - size)));
-        const IntervalType search_interval{search_base, search_base + 1};
-        auto it = common_ranges.lower_bound(search_interval);
-        if (it == common_ranges.end()) {
-            it = common_ranges.begin();
-        }
-        for (; it != common_ranges.end(); it++) {
-            VAddr inter_addr_end = it->upper();
-            VAddr inter_addr = it->lower();
-            if (inter_addr >= end_address) {
-                break;
-            }
-            if (inter_addr_end <= start_address) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (inter_addr_end > end_address) {
-                inter_addr_end = end_address;
-            }
-            if (inter_addr < start_address) {
-                inter_addr = start_address;
-            }
-            func(inter_addr, inter_addr_end);
-        }
-    }
-
-    static bool IsRangeGranular(VAddr cpu_addr, size_t size) {
-        return (cpu_addr & ~Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGEMASK) ==
-               ((cpu_addr + size) & ~Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGEMASK);
-    }
-
-    void RunGarbageCollector();
-
-    void BindHostIndexBuffer();
-
-    void BindHostVertexBuffers();
-
-    void BindHostDrawIndirectBuffers();
-
-    void BindHostGraphicsUniformBuffers(size_t stage);
-
-    void BindHostGraphicsUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 index, u32 binding_index, bool needs_bind);
-
-    void BindHostGraphicsStorageBuffers(size_t stage);
-
-    void BindHostGraphicsTextureBuffers(size_t stage);
-
-    void BindHostTransformFeedbackBuffers();
-
-    void BindHostComputeUniformBuffers();
-
-    void BindHostComputeStorageBuffers();
-
-    void BindHostComputeTextureBuffers();
-
-    void DoUpdateGraphicsBuffers(bool is_indexed);
-
-    void DoUpdateComputeBuffers();
-
-    void UpdateIndexBuffer();
-
-    void UpdateVertexBuffers();
-
-    void UpdateVertexBuffer(u32 index);
-
-    void UpdateDrawIndirect();
-
-    void UpdateUniformBuffers(size_t stage);
-
-    void UpdateStorageBuffers(size_t stage);
-
-    void UpdateTextureBuffers(size_t stage);
-
-    void UpdateTransformFeedbackBuffers();
-
-    void UpdateTransformFeedbackBuffer(u32 index);
-
-    void UpdateComputeUniformBuffers();
-
-    void UpdateComputeStorageBuffers();
-
-    void UpdateComputeTextureBuffers();
-
-    void MarkWrittenBuffer(BufferId buffer_id, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] BufferId FindBuffer(VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] OverlapResult ResolveOverlaps(VAddr cpu_addr, u32 wanted_size);
-
-    void JoinOverlap(BufferId new_buffer_id, BufferId overlap_id, bool accumulate_stream_score);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] BufferId CreateBuffer(VAddr cpu_addr, u32 wanted_size);
-
-    void Register(BufferId buffer_id);
-
-    void Unregister(BufferId buffer_id);
-
-    template <bool insert>
-    void ChangeRegister(BufferId buffer_id);
-
-    void TouchBuffer(Buffer& buffer, BufferId buffer_id) noexcept;
-
-    bool SynchronizeBuffer(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size);
-
-    bool SynchronizeBufferImpl(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size);
-
-    void UploadMemory(Buffer& buffer, u64 total_size_bytes, u64 largest_copy,
-                      std::span<BufferCopy> copies);
-
-    void ImmediateUploadMemory(Buffer& buffer, u64 largest_copy,
-                               std::span<const BufferCopy> copies);
-
-    void MappedUploadMemory(Buffer& buffer, u64 total_size_bytes, std::span<BufferCopy> copies);
-
-    void DownloadBufferMemory(Buffer& buffer_id);
-
-    void DownloadBufferMemory(Buffer& buffer_id, VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size);
-
-    void DeleteBuffer(BufferId buffer_id);
-
-    void NotifyBufferDeletion();
-
-    [[nodiscard]] Binding StorageBufferBinding(GPUVAddr ssbo_addr, u32 cbuf_index,
-                                               bool is_written = false) const;
-
-    [[nodiscard]] TextureBufferBinding GetTextureBufferBinding(GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u32 size,
-                                                               PixelFormat format);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] std::span<const u8> ImmediateBufferWithData(VAddr cpu_addr, size_t size);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] std::span<u8> ImmediateBuffer(size_t wanted_capacity);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] bool HasFastUniformBufferBound(size_t stage, u32 binding_index) const noexcept;
-
-    void ClearDownload(IntervalType subtract_interval);
-
-    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer;
-    Core::Memory::Memory& cpu_memory;
-
-    SlotVector<Buffer> slot_buffers;
-    DelayedDestructionRing<Buffer, 8> delayed_destruction_ring;
-
-    const Tegra::Engines::DrawManager::IndirectParams* current_draw_indirect{};
-
-    u32 last_index_count = 0;
-
-    Binding index_buffer;
-    std::array<Binding, NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS> vertex_buffers;
-    std::array<std::array<Binding, NUM_GRAPHICS_UNIFORM_BUFFERS>, NUM_STAGES> uniform_buffers;
-    std::array<std::array<Binding, NUM_STORAGE_BUFFERS>, NUM_STAGES> storage_buffers;
-    std::array<std::array<TextureBufferBinding, NUM_TEXTURE_BUFFERS>, NUM_STAGES> texture_buffers;
-    std::array<Binding, NUM_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFERS> transform_feedback_buffers;
-    Binding count_buffer_binding;
-    Binding indirect_buffer_binding;
-
-    std::array<Binding, NUM_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BUFFERS> compute_uniform_buffers;
-    std::array<Binding, NUM_STORAGE_BUFFERS> compute_storage_buffers;
-    std::array<TextureBufferBinding, NUM_TEXTURE_BUFFERS> compute_texture_buffers;
-
-    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> enabled_uniform_buffer_masks{};
-    u32 enabled_compute_uniform_buffer_mask = 0;
-
-    const UniformBufferSizes* uniform_buffer_sizes{};
-    const ComputeUniformBufferSizes* compute_uniform_buffer_sizes{};
-
-    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> enabled_storage_buffers{};
-    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> written_storage_buffers{};
-    u32 enabled_compute_storage_buffers = 0;
-    u32 written_compute_storage_buffers = 0;
-
-    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> enabled_texture_buffers{};
-    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> written_texture_buffers{};
-    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> image_texture_buffers{};
-    u32 enabled_compute_texture_buffers = 0;
-    u32 written_compute_texture_buffers = 0;
-    u32 image_compute_texture_buffers = 0;
-
-    std::array<u32, 16> uniform_cache_hits{};
-    std::array<u32, 16> uniform_cache_shots{};
-
-    u32 uniform_buffer_skip_cache_size = DEFAULT_SKIP_CACHE_SIZE;
-
-    bool has_deleted_buffers = false;
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h"
 
-    std::conditional_t<HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS, std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES>, Empty>
-        dirty_uniform_buffers{};
-    std::conditional_t<IS_OPENGL, std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES>, Empty> fast_bound_uniform_buffers{};
-    std::conditional_t<HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS,
-                       std::array<std::array<u32, NUM_GRAPHICS_UNIFORM_BUFFERS>, NUM_STAGES>, Empty>
-        uniform_buffer_binding_sizes{};
-
-    std::vector<BufferId> cached_write_buffer_ids;
-
-    IntervalSet uncommitted_ranges;
-    IntervalSet common_ranges;
-    std::deque<IntervalSet> committed_ranges;
-
-    Common::ScratchBuffer<u8> immediate_buffer_alloc;
-
-    struct LRUItemParams {
-        using ObjectType = BufferId;
-        using TickType = u64;
-    };
-    Common::LeastRecentlyUsedCache<LRUItemParams> lru_cache;
-    u64 frame_tick = 0;
-    u64 total_used_memory = 0;
-    u64 minimum_memory = 0;
-    u64 critical_memory = 0;
+namespace VideoCommon {
 
-    std::array<BufferId, ((1ULL << 39) >> YUZU_PAGEBITS)> page_table;
-};
+using Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGESIZE;
 
 template <class P>
 BufferCache<P>::BufferCache(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_,
                             Core::Memory::Memory& cpu_memory_, Runtime& runtime_)
-    : runtime{runtime_}, rasterizer{rasterizer_}, cpu_memory{cpu_memory_} {
+    : runtime{runtime_}, rasterizer{rasterizer_}, cpu_memory{cpu_memory_}, memory_tracker{
+                                                                               rasterizer} {
     // Ensure the first slot is used for the null buffer
     void(slot_buffers.insert(runtime, NullBufferParams{}));
     common_ranges.clear();
+    inline_buffer_id = NULL_BUFFER_ID;
+
+    active_async_buffers = !Settings::IsGPULevelHigh();
 
     if (!runtime.CanReportMemoryUsage()) {
         minimum_memory = DEFAULT_EXPECTED_MEMORY;
@@ -531,6 +75,8 @@ void BufferCache<P>::TickFrame() {
     uniform_cache_hits[0] = 0;
     uniform_cache_shots[0] = 0;
 
+    active_async_buffers = !Settings::IsGPULevelHigh();
+
     const bool skip_preferred = hits * 256 < shots * 251;
     uniform_buffer_skip_cache_size = skip_preferred ? DEFAULT_SKIP_CACHE_SIZE : 0;
 
@@ -543,35 +89,62 @@ void BufferCache<P>::TickFrame() {
     }
     ++frame_tick;
     delayed_destruction_ring.Tick();
+
+    if constexpr (IMPLEMENTS_ASYNC_DOWNLOADS) {
+        for (auto& buffer : async_buffers_death_ring) {
+            runtime.FreeDeferredStagingBuffer(buffer);
+        }
+        async_buffers_death_ring.clear();
+    }
 }
 
 template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::WriteMemory(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size) {
-    ForEachBufferInRange(cpu_addr, size, [&](BufferId, Buffer& buffer) {
-        buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(cpu_addr, size);
-    });
+    memory_tracker.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(cpu_addr, size);
+    if (memory_tracker.IsRegionGpuModified(cpu_addr, size)) {
+        const IntervalType subtract_interval{cpu_addr, cpu_addr + size};
+        ClearDownload(subtract_interval);
+        common_ranges.subtract(subtract_interval);
+    }
 }
 
 template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::CachedWriteMemory(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size) {
-    ForEachBufferInRange(cpu_addr, size, [&](BufferId buffer_id, Buffer& buffer) {
-        if (!buffer.HasCachedWrites()) {
-            cached_write_buffer_ids.push_back(buffer_id);
-        }
-        buffer.CachedCpuWrite(cpu_addr, size);
-    });
+    memory_tracker.CachedCpuWrite(cpu_addr, size);
+    const IntervalType add_interval{Common::AlignDown(cpu_addr, YUZU_PAGESIZE),
+                                    Common::AlignUp(cpu_addr + size, YUZU_PAGESIZE)};
+    cached_ranges.add(add_interval);
 }
 
 template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::DownloadMemory(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size) {
+    WaitOnAsyncFlushes(cpu_addr, size);
     ForEachBufferInRange(cpu_addr, size, [&](BufferId, Buffer& buffer) {
         DownloadBufferMemory(buffer, cpu_addr, size);
     });
 }
 
 template <class P>
+void BufferCache<P>::WaitOnAsyncFlushes(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size) {
+    bool must_wait = false;
+    ForEachInOverlapCounter(async_downloads, cpu_addr, size,
+                            [&](VAddr, VAddr, int) { must_wait = true; });
+    bool must_release = false;
+    ForEachInRangeSet(pending_ranges, cpu_addr, size, [&](VAddr, VAddr) { must_release = true; });
+    if (must_release) {
+        std::function<void()> tmp([]() {});
+        rasterizer.SignalFence(std::move(tmp));
+    }
+    if (must_wait || must_release) {
+        rasterizer.ReleaseFences();
+    }
+}
+
+template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::ClearDownload(IntervalType subtract_interval) {
+    RemoveEachInOverlapCounter(async_downloads, subtract_interval, -1024);
     uncommitted_ranges.subtract(subtract_interval);
+    pending_ranges.subtract(subtract_interval);
     for (auto& interval_set : committed_ranges) {
         interval_set.subtract(subtract_interval);
     }
@@ -591,6 +164,7 @@ bool BufferCache<P>::DMACopy(GPUVAddr src_address, GPUVAddr dest_address, u64 am
     }
 
     const IntervalType subtract_interval{*cpu_dest_address, *cpu_dest_address + amount};
+    WaitOnAsyncFlushes(*cpu_src_address, static_cast<u32>(amount));
     ClearDownload(subtract_interval);
 
     BufferId buffer_a;
@@ -616,10 +190,11 @@ bool BufferCache<P>::DMACopy(GPUVAddr src_address, GPUVAddr dest_address, u64 am
         const VAddr diff = base_address - *cpu_src_address;
         const VAddr new_base_address = *cpu_dest_address + diff;
         const IntervalType add_interval{new_base_address, new_base_address + size};
-        uncommitted_ranges.add(add_interval);
         tmp_intervals.push_back(add_interval);
+        uncommitted_ranges.add(add_interval);
+        pending_ranges.add(add_interval);
     };
-    ForEachWrittenRange(*cpu_src_address, amount, mirror);
+    ForEachInRangeSet(common_ranges, *cpu_src_address, amount, mirror);
     // This subtraction in this order is important for overlapping copies.
     common_ranges.subtract(subtract_interval);
     const bool has_new_downloads = tmp_intervals.size() != 0;
@@ -628,7 +203,7 @@ bool BufferCache<P>::DMACopy(GPUVAddr src_address, GPUVAddr dest_address, u64 am
     }
     runtime.CopyBuffer(dest_buffer, src_buffer, copies);
     if (has_new_downloads) {
-        dest_buffer.MarkRegionAsGpuModified(*cpu_dest_address, amount);
+        memory_tracker.MarkRegionAsGpuModified(*cpu_dest_address, amount);
     }
     std::vector<u8> tmp_buffer(amount);
     cpu_memory.ReadBlockUnsafe(*cpu_src_address, tmp_buffer.data(), amount);
@@ -866,10 +441,9 @@ void BufferCache<P>::BindComputeTextureBuffer(size_t tbo_index, GPUVAddr gpu_add
 
 template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::FlushCachedWrites() {
-    for (const BufferId buffer_id : cached_write_buffer_ids) {
-        slot_buffers[buffer_id].FlushCachedWrites();
-    }
     cached_write_buffer_ids.clear();
+    memory_tracker.FlushCachedWrites();
+    cached_ranges.clear();
 }
 
 template <class P>
@@ -879,10 +453,6 @@ bool BufferCache<P>::HasUncommittedFlushes() const noexcept {
 
 template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::AccumulateFlushes() {
-    if (Settings::values.gpu_accuracy.GetValue() != Settings::GPUAccuracy::High) {
-        uncommitted_ranges.clear();
-        return;
-    }
     if (uncommitted_ranges.empty()) {
         return;
     }
@@ -891,7 +461,11 @@ void BufferCache<P>::AccumulateFlushes() {
 
 template <class P>
 bool BufferCache<P>::ShouldWaitAsyncFlushes() const noexcept {
-    return false;
+    if constexpr (IMPLEMENTS_ASYNC_DOWNLOADS) {
+        return (!async_buffers.empty() && async_buffers.front().has_value());
+    } else {
+        return false;
+    }
 }
 
 template <class P>
@@ -899,12 +473,16 @@ void BufferCache<P>::CommitAsyncFlushesHigh() {
     AccumulateFlushes();
 
     if (committed_ranges.empty()) {
+        if constexpr (IMPLEMENTS_ASYNC_DOWNLOADS) {
+            if (active_async_buffers) {
+                async_buffers.emplace_back(std::optional<Async_Buffer>{});
+            }
+        }
         return;
     }
     MICROPROFILE_SCOPE(GPU_DownloadMemory);
-    const bool is_accuracy_normal =
-        Settings::values.gpu_accuracy.GetValue() == Settings::GPUAccuracy::Normal;
 
+    pending_ranges.clear();
     auto it = committed_ranges.begin();
     while (it != committed_ranges.end()) {
         auto& current_intervals = *it;
@@ -926,11 +504,12 @@ void BufferCache<P>::CommitAsyncFlushesHigh() {
             const std::size_t size = interval.upper() - interval.lower();
             const VAddr cpu_addr = interval.lower();
             ForEachBufferInRange(cpu_addr, size, [&](BufferId buffer_id, Buffer& buffer) {
-                buffer.ForEachDownloadRangeAndClear(
-                    cpu_addr, size, [&](u64 range_offset, u64 range_size) {
-                        if (is_accuracy_normal) {
-                            return;
-                        }
+                const VAddr buffer_start = buffer.CpuAddr();
+                const VAddr buffer_end = buffer_start + buffer.SizeBytes();
+                const VAddr new_start = std::max(buffer_start, cpu_addr);
+                const VAddr new_end = std::min(buffer_end, cpu_addr + size);
+                memory_tracker.ForEachDownloadRange(
+                    new_start, new_end - new_start, false, [&](u64 cpu_addr_out, u64 range_size) {
                         const VAddr buffer_addr = buffer.CpuAddr();
                         const auto add_download = [&](VAddr start, VAddr end) {
                             const u64 new_offset = start - buffer_addr;
@@ -944,92 +523,142 @@ void BufferCache<P>::CommitAsyncFlushesHigh() {
                                 buffer_id,
                             });
                             // Align up to avoid cache conflicts
-                            constexpr u64 align = 8ULL;
+                            constexpr u64 align = 64ULL;
                             constexpr u64 mask = ~(align - 1ULL);
                             total_size_bytes += (new_size + align - 1) & mask;
                             largest_copy = std::max(largest_copy, new_size);
                         };
 
-                        const VAddr start_address = buffer_addr + range_offset;
-                        const VAddr end_address = start_address + range_size;
-                        ForEachWrittenRange(start_address, range_size, add_download);
-                        const IntervalType subtract_interval{start_address, end_address};
-                        common_ranges.subtract(subtract_interval);
+                        ForEachInRangeSet(common_ranges, cpu_addr_out, range_size, add_download);
                     });
             });
         }
     }
     committed_ranges.clear();
     if (downloads.empty()) {
+        if constexpr (IMPLEMENTS_ASYNC_DOWNLOADS) {
+            if (active_async_buffers) {
+                async_buffers.emplace_back(std::optional<Async_Buffer>{});
+            }
+        }
         return;
     }
-    if constexpr (USE_MEMORY_MAPS) {
-        auto download_staging = runtime.DownloadStagingBuffer(total_size_bytes);
-        runtime.PreCopyBarrier();
-        for (auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
-            // Have in mind the staging buffer offset for the copy
-            copy.dst_offset += download_staging.offset;
-            const std::array copies{copy};
-            runtime.CopyBuffer(download_staging.buffer, slot_buffers[buffer_id], copies, false);
-        }
-        runtime.PostCopyBarrier();
-        runtime.Finish();
-        for (const auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
-            const Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
-            const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.src_offset;
-            // Undo the modified offset
-            const u64 dst_offset = copy.dst_offset - download_staging.offset;
-            const u8* read_mapped_memory = download_staging.mapped_span.data() + dst_offset;
-            cpu_memory.WriteBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, read_mapped_memory, copy.size);
+    if (active_async_buffers) {
+        if constexpr (IMPLEMENTS_ASYNC_DOWNLOADS) {
+            auto download_staging = runtime.DownloadStagingBuffer(total_size_bytes, true);
+            boost::container::small_vector<BufferCopy, 4> normalized_copies;
+            IntervalSet new_async_range{};
+            runtime.PreCopyBarrier();
+            for (auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
+                copy.dst_offset += download_staging.offset;
+                const std::array copies{copy};
+                BufferCopy second_copy{copy};
+                Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
+                second_copy.src_offset = static_cast<size_t>(buffer.CpuAddr()) + copy.src_offset;
+                VAddr orig_cpu_addr = static_cast<VAddr>(second_copy.src_offset);
+                const IntervalType base_interval{orig_cpu_addr, orig_cpu_addr + copy.size};
+                async_downloads += std::make_pair(base_interval, 1);
+                runtime.CopyBuffer(download_staging.buffer, buffer, copies, false);
+                normalized_copies.push_back(second_copy);
+            }
+            runtime.PostCopyBarrier();
+            pending_downloads.emplace_back(std::move(normalized_copies));
+            async_buffers.emplace_back(download_staging);
+        } else {
+            committed_ranges.clear();
+            uncommitted_ranges.clear();
         }
     } else {
-        const std::span<u8> immediate_buffer = ImmediateBuffer(largest_copy);
-        for (const auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
-            Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
-            buffer.ImmediateDownload(copy.src_offset, immediate_buffer.subspan(0, copy.size));
-            const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.src_offset;
-            cpu_memory.WriteBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, immediate_buffer.data(), copy.size);
+        if constexpr (USE_MEMORY_MAPS) {
+            auto download_staging = runtime.DownloadStagingBuffer(total_size_bytes);
+            runtime.PreCopyBarrier();
+            for (auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
+                // Have in mind the staging buffer offset for the copy
+                copy.dst_offset += download_staging.offset;
+                const std::array copies{copy};
+                runtime.CopyBuffer(download_staging.buffer, slot_buffers[buffer_id], copies, false);
+            }
+            runtime.PostCopyBarrier();
+            runtime.Finish();
+            for (const auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
+                const Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
+                const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.src_offset;
+                // Undo the modified offset
+                const u64 dst_offset = copy.dst_offset - download_staging.offset;
+                const u8* read_mapped_memory = download_staging.mapped_span.data() + dst_offset;
+                cpu_memory.WriteBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, read_mapped_memory, copy.size);
+            }
+        } else {
+            const std::span<u8> immediate_buffer = ImmediateBuffer(largest_copy);
+            for (const auto& [copy, buffer_id] : downloads) {
+                Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
+                buffer.ImmediateDownload(copy.src_offset, immediate_buffer.subspan(0, copy.size));
+                const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.src_offset;
+                cpu_memory.WriteBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, immediate_buffer.data(), copy.size);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
 
 template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::CommitAsyncFlushes() {
-    if (Settings::values.gpu_accuracy.GetValue() == Settings::GPUAccuracy::High) {
-        CommitAsyncFlushesHigh();
-    } else {
-        uncommitted_ranges.clear();
-        committed_ranges.clear();
-    }
+    CommitAsyncFlushesHigh();
 }
 
 template <class P>
-void BufferCache<P>::PopAsyncFlushes() {}
+void BufferCache<P>::PopAsyncFlushes() {
+    MICROPROFILE_SCOPE(GPU_DownloadMemory);
+    PopAsyncBuffers();
+}
 
 template <class P>
-bool BufferCache<P>::IsRegionGpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size) {
-    const u64 page_end = Common::DivCeil(addr + size, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
-    for (u64 page = addr >> YUZU_PAGEBITS; page < page_end;) {
-        const BufferId image_id = page_table[page];
-        if (!image_id) {
-            ++page;
-            continue;
-        }
-        Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[image_id];
-        if (buffer.IsRegionGpuModified(addr, size)) {
-            return true;
+void BufferCache<P>::PopAsyncBuffers() {
+    if (async_buffers.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!async_buffers.front().has_value()) {
+        async_buffers.pop_front();
+        return;
+    }
+    if constexpr (IMPLEMENTS_ASYNC_DOWNLOADS) {
+        auto& downloads = pending_downloads.front();
+        auto& async_buffer = async_buffers.front();
+        u8* base = async_buffer->mapped_span.data();
+        const size_t base_offset = async_buffer->offset;
+        for (const auto& copy : downloads) {
+            const VAddr cpu_addr = static_cast<VAddr>(copy.src_offset);
+            const u64 dst_offset = copy.dst_offset - base_offset;
+            const u8* read_mapped_memory = base + dst_offset;
+            ForEachInOverlapCounter(
+                async_downloads, cpu_addr, copy.size, [&](VAddr start, VAddr end, int count) {
+                    cpu_memory.WriteBlockUnsafe(start, &read_mapped_memory[start - cpu_addr],
+                                                end - start);
+                    if (count == 1) {
+                        const IntervalType base_interval{start, end};
+                        common_ranges.subtract(base_interval);
+                    }
+                });
+            const IntervalType subtract_interval{cpu_addr, cpu_addr + copy.size};
+            RemoveEachInOverlapCounter(async_downloads, subtract_interval, -1);
         }
-        const VAddr end_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + buffer.SizeBytes();
-        page = Common::DivCeil(end_addr, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
+        async_buffers_death_ring.emplace_back(*async_buffer);
+        async_buffers.pop_front();
+        pending_downloads.pop_front();
     }
-    return false;
+}
+
+template <class P>
+bool BufferCache<P>::IsRegionGpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size) {
+    bool is_dirty = false;
+    ForEachInRangeSet(common_ranges, addr, size, [&](VAddr, VAddr) { is_dirty = true; });
+    return is_dirty;
 }
 
 template <class P>
 bool BufferCache<P>::IsRegionRegistered(VAddr addr, size_t size) {
     const VAddr end_addr = addr + size;
-    const u64 page_end = Common::DivCeil(end_addr, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
-    for (u64 page = addr >> YUZU_PAGEBITS; page < page_end;) {
+    const u64 page_end = Common::DivCeil(end_addr, CACHING_PAGESIZE);
+    for (u64 page = addr >> CACHING_PAGEBITS; page < page_end;) {
         const BufferId buffer_id = page_table[page];
         if (!buffer_id) {
             ++page;
@@ -1041,28 +670,14 @@ bool BufferCache<P>::IsRegionRegistered(VAddr addr, size_t size) {
         if (buf_start_addr < end_addr && addr < buf_end_addr) {
             return true;
         }
-        page = Common::DivCeil(end_addr, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
+        page = Common::DivCeil(end_addr, CACHING_PAGESIZE);
     }
     return false;
 }
 
 template <class P>
 bool BufferCache<P>::IsRegionCpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size) {
-    const u64 page_end = Common::DivCeil(addr + size, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
-    for (u64 page = addr >> YUZU_PAGEBITS; page < page_end;) {
-        const BufferId image_id = page_table[page];
-        if (!image_id) {
-            ++page;
-            continue;
-        }
-        Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[image_id];
-        if (buffer.IsRegionCpuModified(addr, size)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        const VAddr end_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + buffer.SizeBytes();
-        page = Common::DivCeil(end_addr, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
-    }
-    return false;
+    return memory_tracker.IsRegionCpuModified(addr, size);
 }
 
 template <class P>
@@ -1072,7 +687,7 @@ void BufferCache<P>::BindHostIndexBuffer() {
     const u32 offset = buffer.Offset(index_buffer.cpu_addr);
     const u32 size = index_buffer.size;
     const auto& draw_state = maxwell3d->draw_manager->GetDrawState();
-    if (!draw_state.inline_index_draw_indexes.empty()) {
+    if (!draw_state.inline_index_draw_indexes.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
         if constexpr (USE_MEMORY_MAPS) {
             auto upload_staging = runtime.UploadStagingBuffer(size);
             std::array<BufferCopy, 1> copies{
@@ -1155,7 +770,7 @@ void BufferCache<P>::BindHostGraphicsUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 index, u32
     TouchBuffer(buffer, binding.buffer_id);
     const bool use_fast_buffer = binding.buffer_id != NULL_BUFFER_ID &&
                                  size <= uniform_buffer_skip_cache_size &&
-                                 !buffer.IsRegionGpuModified(cpu_addr, size);
+                                 !memory_tracker.IsRegionGpuModified(cpu_addr, size);
     if (use_fast_buffer) {
         if constexpr (IS_OPENGL) {
             if (runtime.HasFastBufferSubData()) {
@@ -1378,27 +993,36 @@ void BufferCache<P>::UpdateIndexBuffer() {
     // We have to check for the dirty flags and index count
     // The index count is currently changed without updating the dirty flags
     const auto& draw_state = maxwell3d->draw_manager->GetDrawState();
-    const auto& index_array = draw_state.index_buffer;
+    const auto& index_buffer_ref = draw_state.index_buffer;
     auto& flags = maxwell3d->dirty.flags;
     if (!flags[Dirty::IndexBuffer]) {
         return;
     }
     flags[Dirty::IndexBuffer] = false;
-    last_index_count = index_array.count;
-    if (!draw_state.inline_index_draw_indexes.empty()) {
+    if (!draw_state.inline_index_draw_indexes.empty()) [[unlikely]] {
         auto inline_index_size = static_cast<u32>(draw_state.inline_index_draw_indexes.size());
+        u32 buffer_size = Common::AlignUp(inline_index_size, CACHING_PAGESIZE);
+        if (inline_buffer_id == NULL_BUFFER_ID) [[unlikely]] {
+            inline_buffer_id = CreateBuffer(0, buffer_size);
+        }
+        if (slot_buffers[inline_buffer_id].SizeBytes() < buffer_size) [[unlikely]] {
+            slot_buffers.erase(inline_buffer_id);
+            inline_buffer_id = CreateBuffer(0, buffer_size);
+        }
         index_buffer = Binding{
             .cpu_addr = 0,
             .size = inline_index_size,
-            .buffer_id = CreateBuffer(0, inline_index_size),
+            .buffer_id = inline_buffer_id,
         };
         return;
     }
-    const GPUVAddr gpu_addr_begin = index_array.StartAddress();
-    const GPUVAddr gpu_addr_end = index_array.EndAddress();
+
+    const GPUVAddr gpu_addr_begin = index_buffer_ref.StartAddress();
+    const GPUVAddr gpu_addr_end = index_buffer_ref.EndAddress();
     const std::optional<VAddr> cpu_addr = gpu_memory->GpuToCpuAddress(gpu_addr_begin);
     const u32 address_size = static_cast<u32>(gpu_addr_end - gpu_addr_begin);
-    const u32 draw_size = (index_array.count + index_array.first) * index_array.FormatSizeInBytes();
+    const u32 draw_size =
+        (index_buffer_ref.count + index_buffer_ref.first) * index_buffer_ref.FormatSizeInBytes();
     const u32 size = std::min(address_size, draw_size);
     if (size == 0 || !cpu_addr) {
         index_buffer = NULL_BINDING;
@@ -1434,17 +1058,15 @@ void BufferCache<P>::UpdateVertexBuffer(u32 index) {
     const GPUVAddr gpu_addr_begin = array.Address();
     const GPUVAddr gpu_addr_end = limit.Address() + 1;
     const std::optional<VAddr> cpu_addr = gpu_memory->GpuToCpuAddress(gpu_addr_begin);
-    u32 address_size = static_cast<u32>(
-        std::min(gpu_addr_end - gpu_addr_begin, static_cast<u64>(std::numeric_limits<u32>::max())));
-    if (array.enable == 0 || address_size == 0 || !cpu_addr) {
+    const u32 address_size = static_cast<u32>(gpu_addr_end - gpu_addr_begin);
+    u32 size = address_size; // TODO: Analyze stride and number of vertices
+    if (array.enable == 0 || size == 0 || !cpu_addr) {
         vertex_buffers[index] = NULL_BINDING;
         return;
     }
     if (!gpu_memory->IsWithinGPUAddressRange(gpu_addr_end)) {
-        address_size =
-            static_cast<u32>(gpu_memory->MaxContinuousRange(gpu_addr_begin, address_size));
+        size = static_cast<u32>(gpu_memory->MaxContinuousRange(gpu_addr_begin, size));
     }
-    const u32 size = address_size; // TODO: Analyze stride and number of vertices
     vertex_buffers[index] = Binding{
         .cpu_addr = *cpu_addr,
         .size = size,
@@ -1591,17 +1213,16 @@ void BufferCache<P>::UpdateComputeTextureBuffers() {
 
 template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::MarkWrittenBuffer(BufferId buffer_id, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size) {
-    Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsGpuModified(cpu_addr, size);
+    memory_tracker.MarkRegionAsGpuModified(cpu_addr, size);
+
+    if (memory_tracker.IsRegionCpuModified(cpu_addr, size)) {
+        SynchronizeBuffer(slot_buffers[buffer_id], cpu_addr, size);
+    }
 
     const IntervalType base_interval{cpu_addr, cpu_addr + size};
     common_ranges.add(base_interval);
-
-    const bool is_async = Settings::values.use_asynchronous_gpu_emulation.GetValue();
-    if (!is_async) {
-        return;
-    }
     uncommitted_ranges.add(base_interval);
+    pending_ranges.add(base_interval);
 }
 
 template <class P>
@@ -1609,7 +1230,7 @@ BufferId BufferCache<P>::FindBuffer(VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size) {
     if (cpu_addr == 0) {
         return NULL_BUFFER_ID;
     }
-    const u64 page = cpu_addr >> YUZU_PAGEBITS;
+    const u64 page = cpu_addr >> CACHING_PAGEBITS;
     const BufferId buffer_id = page_table[page];
     if (!buffer_id) {
         return CreateBuffer(cpu_addr, size);
@@ -1638,9 +1259,9 @@ typename BufferCache<P>::OverlapResult BufferCache<P>::ResolveOverlaps(VAddr cpu
             .has_stream_leap = has_stream_leap,
         };
     }
-    for (; cpu_addr >> YUZU_PAGEBITS < Common::DivCeil(end, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
-         cpu_addr += YUZU_PAGESIZE) {
-        const BufferId overlap_id = page_table[cpu_addr >> YUZU_PAGEBITS];
+    for (; cpu_addr >> CACHING_PAGEBITS < Common::DivCeil(end, CACHING_PAGESIZE);
+         cpu_addr += CACHING_PAGESIZE) {
+        const BufferId overlap_id = page_table[cpu_addr >> CACHING_PAGEBITS];
         if (!overlap_id) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -1666,11 +1287,11 @@ typename BufferCache<P>::OverlapResult BufferCache<P>::ResolveOverlaps(VAddr cpu
             // as a stream buffer. Increase the size to skip constantly recreating buffers.
             has_stream_leap = true;
             if (expands_right) {
-                begin -= YUZU_PAGESIZE * 256;
+                begin -= CACHING_PAGESIZE * 256;
                 cpu_addr = begin;
             }
             if (expands_left) {
-                end += YUZU_PAGESIZE * 256;
+                end += CACHING_PAGESIZE * 256;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1690,25 +1311,22 @@ void BufferCache<P>::JoinOverlap(BufferId new_buffer_id, BufferId overlap_id,
     if (accumulate_stream_score) {
         new_buffer.IncreaseStreamScore(overlap.StreamScore() + 1);
     }
-    std::vector<BufferCopy> copies;
+    boost::container::small_vector<BufferCopy, 1> copies;
     const size_t dst_base_offset = overlap.CpuAddr() - new_buffer.CpuAddr();
-    overlap.ForEachDownloadRange([&](u64 begin, u64 range_size) {
-        copies.push_back(BufferCopy{
-            .src_offset = begin,
-            .dst_offset = dst_base_offset + begin,
-            .size = range_size,
-        });
-        new_buffer.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(begin, range_size);
-        new_buffer.MarkRegionAsGpuModified(begin, range_size);
+    copies.push_back(BufferCopy{
+        .src_offset = 0,
+        .dst_offset = dst_base_offset,
+        .size = overlap.SizeBytes(),
     });
-    if (!copies.empty()) {
-        runtime.CopyBuffer(slot_buffers[new_buffer_id], overlap, copies);
-    }
-    DeleteBuffer(overlap_id);
+    runtime.CopyBuffer(new_buffer, overlap, copies);
+    DeleteBuffer(overlap_id, true);
 }
 
 template <class P>
 BufferId BufferCache<P>::CreateBuffer(VAddr cpu_addr, u32 wanted_size) {
+    VAddr cpu_addr_end = Common::AlignUp(cpu_addr + wanted_size, CACHING_PAGESIZE);
+    cpu_addr = Common::AlignDown(cpu_addr, CACHING_PAGESIZE);
+    wanted_size = static_cast<u32>(cpu_addr_end - cpu_addr);
     const OverlapResult overlap = ResolveOverlaps(cpu_addr, wanted_size);
     const u32 size = static_cast<u32>(overlap.end - overlap.begin);
     const BufferId new_buffer_id = slot_buffers.insert(runtime, rasterizer, overlap.begin, size);
@@ -1718,7 +1336,7 @@ BufferId BufferCache<P>::CreateBuffer(VAddr cpu_addr, u32 wanted_size) {
         JoinOverlap(new_buffer_id, overlap_id, !overlap.has_stream_leap);
     }
     Register(new_buffer_id);
-    TouchBuffer(slot_buffers[new_buffer_id], new_buffer_id);
+    TouchBuffer(new_buffer, new_buffer_id);
     return new_buffer_id;
 }
 
@@ -1746,8 +1364,8 @@ void BufferCache<P>::ChangeRegister(BufferId buffer_id) {
     }
     const VAddr cpu_addr_begin = buffer.CpuAddr();
     const VAddr cpu_addr_end = cpu_addr_begin + size;
-    const u64 page_begin = cpu_addr_begin / YUZU_PAGESIZE;
-    const u64 page_end = Common::DivCeil(cpu_addr_end, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
+    const u64 page_begin = cpu_addr_begin / CACHING_PAGESIZE;
+    const u64 page_end = Common::DivCeil(cpu_addr_end, CACHING_PAGESIZE);
     for (u64 page = page_begin; page != page_end; ++page) {
         if constexpr (insert) {
             page_table[page] = buffer_id;
@@ -1766,9 +1384,6 @@ void BufferCache<P>::TouchBuffer(Buffer& buffer, BufferId buffer_id) noexcept {
 
 template <class P>
 bool BufferCache<P>::SynchronizeBuffer(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size) {
-    if (buffer.CpuAddr() == 0) {
-        return true;
-    }
     return SynchronizeBufferImpl(buffer, cpu_addr, size);
 }
 
@@ -1777,10 +1392,11 @@ bool BufferCache<P>::SynchronizeBufferImpl(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 s
     boost::container::small_vector<BufferCopy, 4> copies;
     u64 total_size_bytes = 0;
     u64 largest_copy = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachUploadRange(cpu_addr, size, [&](u64 range_offset, u64 range_size) {
+    VAddr buffer_start = buffer.CpuAddr();
+    memory_tracker.ForEachUploadRange(cpu_addr, size, [&](u64 cpu_addr_out, u64 range_size) {
         copies.push_back(BufferCopy{
             .src_offset = total_size_bytes,
-            .dst_offset = range_offset,
+            .dst_offset = cpu_addr_out - buffer_start,
             .size = range_size,
         });
         total_size_bytes += range_size;
@@ -1795,6 +1411,51 @@ bool BufferCache<P>::SynchronizeBufferImpl(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 s
 }
 
 template <class P>
+bool BufferCache<P>::SynchronizeBufferNoModified(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size) {
+    boost::container::small_vector<BufferCopy, 4> copies;
+    u64 total_size_bytes = 0;
+    u64 largest_copy = 0;
+    IntervalSet found_sets{};
+    auto make_copies = [&] {
+        for (auto& interval : found_sets) {
+            const std::size_t sub_size = interval.upper() - interval.lower();
+            const VAddr cpu_addr_ = interval.lower();
+            copies.push_back(BufferCopy{
+                .src_offset = total_size_bytes,
+                .dst_offset = cpu_addr_ - buffer.CpuAddr(),
+                .size = sub_size,
+            });
+            total_size_bytes += sub_size;
+            largest_copy = std::max(largest_copy, sub_size);
+        }
+        const std::span<BufferCopy> copies_span(copies.data(), copies.size());
+        UploadMemory(buffer, total_size_bytes, largest_copy, copies_span);
+    };
+    memory_tracker.ForEachUploadRange(cpu_addr, size, [&](u64 cpu_addr_out, u64 range_size) {
+        const VAddr base_adr = cpu_addr_out;
+        const VAddr end_adr = base_adr + range_size;
+        const IntervalType add_interval{base_adr, end_adr};
+        found_sets.add(add_interval);
+    });
+    if (found_sets.empty()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    const IntervalType search_interval{cpu_addr, cpu_addr + size};
+    auto it = common_ranges.lower_bound(search_interval);
+    auto it_end = common_ranges.upper_bound(search_interval);
+    if (it == common_ranges.end()) {
+        make_copies();
+        return false;
+    }
+    while (it != it_end) {
+        found_sets.subtract(*it);
+        it++;
+    }
+    make_copies();
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::UploadMemory(Buffer& buffer, u64 total_size_bytes, u64 largest_copy,
                                   std::span<BufferCopy> copies) {
     if constexpr (USE_MEMORY_MAPS) {
@@ -1805,39 +1466,45 @@ void BufferCache<P>::UploadMemory(Buffer& buffer, u64 total_size_bytes, u64 larg
 }
 
 template <class P>
-void BufferCache<P>::ImmediateUploadMemory(Buffer& buffer, u64 largest_copy,
-                                           std::span<const BufferCopy> copies) {
-    std::span<u8> immediate_buffer;
-    for (const BufferCopy& copy : copies) {
-        std::span<const u8> upload_span;
-        const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.dst_offset;
-        if (IsRangeGranular(cpu_addr, copy.size)) {
-            upload_span = std::span(cpu_memory.GetPointer(cpu_addr), copy.size);
-        } else {
-            if (immediate_buffer.empty()) {
-                immediate_buffer = ImmediateBuffer(largest_copy);
+void BufferCache<P>::ImmediateUploadMemory([[maybe_unused]] Buffer& buffer,
+                                           [[maybe_unused]] u64 largest_copy,
+                                           [[maybe_unused]] std::span<const BufferCopy> copies) {
+    if constexpr (!USE_MEMORY_MAPS) {
+        std::span<u8> immediate_buffer;
+        for (const BufferCopy& copy : copies) {
+            std::span<const u8> upload_span;
+            const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.dst_offset;
+            if (IsRangeGranular(cpu_addr, copy.size)) {
+                upload_span = std::span(cpu_memory.GetPointer(cpu_addr), copy.size);
+            } else {
+                if (immediate_buffer.empty()) {
+                    immediate_buffer = ImmediateBuffer(largest_copy);
+                }
+                cpu_memory.ReadBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, immediate_buffer.data(), copy.size);
+                upload_span = immediate_buffer.subspan(0, copy.size);
             }
-            cpu_memory.ReadBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, immediate_buffer.data(), copy.size);
-            upload_span = immediate_buffer.subspan(0, copy.size);
+            buffer.ImmediateUpload(copy.dst_offset, upload_span);
         }
-        buffer.ImmediateUpload(copy.dst_offset, upload_span);
     }
 }
 
 template <class P>
-void BufferCache<P>::MappedUploadMemory(Buffer& buffer, u64 total_size_bytes,
-                                        std::span<BufferCopy> copies) {
-    auto upload_staging = runtime.UploadStagingBuffer(total_size_bytes);
-    const std::span<u8> staging_pointer = upload_staging.mapped_span;
-    for (BufferCopy& copy : copies) {
-        u8* const src_pointer = staging_pointer.data() + copy.src_offset;
-        const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.dst_offset;
-        cpu_memory.ReadBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, src_pointer, copy.size);
+void BufferCache<P>::MappedUploadMemory([[maybe_unused]] Buffer& buffer,
+                                        [[maybe_unused]] u64 total_size_bytes,
+                                        [[maybe_unused]] std::span<BufferCopy> copies) {
+    if constexpr (USE_MEMORY_MAPS) {
+        auto upload_staging = runtime.UploadStagingBuffer(total_size_bytes);
+        const std::span<u8> staging_pointer = upload_staging.mapped_span;
+        for (BufferCopy& copy : copies) {
+            u8* const src_pointer = staging_pointer.data() + copy.src_offset;
+            const VAddr cpu_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + copy.dst_offset;
+            cpu_memory.ReadBlockUnsafe(cpu_addr, src_pointer, copy.size);
 
-        // Apply the staging offset
-        copy.src_offset += upload_staging.offset;
+            // Apply the staging offset
+            copy.src_offset += upload_staging.offset;
+        }
+        runtime.CopyBuffer(buffer, upload_staging.buffer, copies);
     }
-    runtime.CopyBuffer(buffer, upload_staging.buffer, copies);
 }
 
 template <class P>
@@ -1847,7 +1514,9 @@ bool BufferCache<P>::InlineMemory(VAddr dest_address, size_t copy_size,
     if (!is_dirty) {
         return false;
     }
-    if (!IsRegionGpuModified(dest_address, copy_size)) {
+    VAddr aligned_start = Common::AlignDown(dest_address, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
+    VAddr aligned_end = Common::AlignUp(dest_address + copy_size, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
+    if (!IsRegionGpuModified(aligned_start, aligned_end - aligned_start)) {
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -1886,30 +1555,31 @@ void BufferCache<P>::DownloadBufferMemory(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u64 si
     boost::container::small_vector<BufferCopy, 1> copies;
     u64 total_size_bytes = 0;
     u64 largest_copy = 0;
-    buffer.ForEachDownloadRangeAndClear(cpu_addr, size, [&](u64 range_offset, u64 range_size) {
-        const VAddr buffer_addr = buffer.CpuAddr();
-        const auto add_download = [&](VAddr start, VAddr end) {
-            const u64 new_offset = start - buffer_addr;
-            const u64 new_size = end - start;
-            copies.push_back(BufferCopy{
-                .src_offset = new_offset,
-                .dst_offset = total_size_bytes,
-                .size = new_size,
-            });
-            // Align up to avoid cache conflicts
-            constexpr u64 align = 256ULL;
-            constexpr u64 mask = ~(align - 1ULL);
-            total_size_bytes += (new_size + align - 1) & mask;
-            largest_copy = std::max(largest_copy, new_size);
-        };
-
-        const VAddr start_address = buffer_addr + range_offset;
-        const VAddr end_address = start_address + range_size;
-        ForEachWrittenRange(start_address, range_size, add_download);
-        const IntervalType subtract_interval{start_address, end_address};
-        ClearDownload(subtract_interval);
-        common_ranges.subtract(subtract_interval);
-    });
+    memory_tracker.ForEachDownloadRangeAndClear(
+        cpu_addr, size, [&](u64 cpu_addr_out, u64 range_size) {
+            const VAddr buffer_addr = buffer.CpuAddr();
+            const auto add_download = [&](VAddr start, VAddr end) {
+                const u64 new_offset = start - buffer_addr;
+                const u64 new_size = end - start;
+                copies.push_back(BufferCopy{
+                    .src_offset = new_offset,
+                    .dst_offset = total_size_bytes,
+                    .size = new_size,
+                });
+                // Align up to avoid cache conflicts
+                constexpr u64 align = 64ULL;
+                constexpr u64 mask = ~(align - 1ULL);
+                total_size_bytes += (new_size + align - 1) & mask;
+                largest_copy = std::max(largest_copy, new_size);
+            };
+
+            const VAddr start_address = cpu_addr_out;
+            const VAddr end_address = start_address + range_size;
+            ForEachInRangeSet(common_ranges, start_address, range_size, add_download);
+            const IntervalType subtract_interval{start_address, end_address};
+            ClearDownload(subtract_interval);
+            common_ranges.subtract(subtract_interval);
+        });
     if (total_size_bytes == 0) {
         return;
     }
@@ -1943,7 +1613,7 @@ void BufferCache<P>::DownloadBufferMemory(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u64 si
 }
 
 template <class P>
-void BufferCache<P>::DeleteBuffer(BufferId buffer_id) {
+void BufferCache<P>::DeleteBuffer(BufferId buffer_id, bool do_not_mark) {
     const auto scalar_replace = [buffer_id](Binding& binding) {
         if (binding.buffer_id == buffer_id) {
             binding.buffer_id = BufferId{};
@@ -1962,8 +1632,10 @@ void BufferCache<P>::DeleteBuffer(BufferId buffer_id) {
     std::erase(cached_write_buffer_ids, buffer_id);
 
     // Mark the whole buffer as CPU written to stop tracking CPU writes
-    Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
-    buffer.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(buffer.CpuAddr(), buffer.SizeBytes());
+    if (!do_not_mark) {
+        Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
+        memory_tracker.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(buffer.CpuAddr(), buffer.SizeBytes());
+    }
 
     Unregister(buffer_id);
     delayed_destruction_ring.Push(std::move(slot_buffers[buffer_id]));
@@ -2011,7 +1683,7 @@ typename BufferCache<P>::Binding BufferCache<P>::StorageBufferBinding(GPUVAddr s
         LOG_WARNING(HW_GPU, "Failed to find storage buffer for cbuf index {}", cbuf_index);
         return NULL_BINDING;
     }
-    const VAddr cpu_end = Common::AlignUp(*cpu_addr + size, Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGESIZE);
+    const VAddr cpu_end = Common::AlignUp(*cpu_addr + size, YUZU_PAGESIZE);
     const Binding binding{
         .cpu_addr = *cpu_addr,
         .size = is_written ? size : static_cast<u32>(cpu_end - *cpu_addr),
diff --git a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..656baa550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h
@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <span>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <boost/container/small_vector.hpp>
+#define BOOST_NO_MT
+#include <boost/pool/detail/mutex.hpp>
+#undef BOOST_NO_MT
+#include <boost/icl/interval.hpp>
+#include <boost/icl/interval_base_set.hpp>
+#include <boost/icl/interval_set.hpp>
+#include <boost/icl/split_interval_map.hpp>
+#include <boost/pool/pool.hpp>
+#include <boost/pool/pool_alloc.hpp>
+#include <boost/pool/poolfwd.hpp>
+
+#include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "common/div_ceil.h"
+#include "common/literals.h"
+#include "common/lru_cache.h"
+#include "common/microprofile.h"
+#include "common/scope_exit.h"
+#include "common/settings.h"
+#include "core/memory.h"
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_base.h"
+#include "video_core/control/channel_state_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/delayed_destruction_ring.h"
+#include "video_core/dirty_flags.h"
+#include "video_core/engines/draw_manager.h"
+#include "video_core/engines/kepler_compute.h"
+#include "video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.h"
+#include "video_core/memory_manager.h"
+#include "video_core/rasterizer_interface.h"
+#include "video_core/surface.h"
+#include "video_core/texture_cache/slot_vector.h"
+#include "video_core/texture_cache/types.h"
+
+namespace boost {
+template <typename T>
+class fast_pool_allocator<T, default_user_allocator_new_delete, details::pool::null_mutex, 4096, 0>;
+}
+
+namespace VideoCommon {
+
+MICROPROFILE_DECLARE(GPU_PrepareBuffers);
+MICROPROFILE_DECLARE(GPU_BindUploadBuffers);
+MICROPROFILE_DECLARE(GPU_DownloadMemory);
+
+using BufferId = SlotId;
+
+using VideoCore::Surface::PixelFormat;
+using namespace Common::Literals;
+
+constexpr u32 NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS = 32;
+constexpr u32 NUM_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFERS = 4;
+constexpr u32 NUM_GRAPHICS_UNIFORM_BUFFERS = 18;
+constexpr u32 NUM_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BUFFERS = 8;
+constexpr u32 NUM_STORAGE_BUFFERS = 16;
+constexpr u32 NUM_TEXTURE_BUFFERS = 16;
+constexpr u32 NUM_STAGES = 5;
+
+using UniformBufferSizes = std::array<std::array<u32, NUM_GRAPHICS_UNIFORM_BUFFERS>, NUM_STAGES>;
+using ComputeUniformBufferSizes = std::array<u32, NUM_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BUFFERS>;
+
+enum class ObtainBufferSynchronize : u32 {
+    NoSynchronize = 0,
+    FullSynchronize = 1,
+    SynchronizeNoDirty = 2,
+};
+
+enum class ObtainBufferOperation : u32 {
+    DoNothing = 0,
+    MarkAsWritten = 1,
+    DiscardWrite = 2,
+    MarkQuery = 3,
+};
+
+template <typename P>
+class BufferCache : public VideoCommon::ChannelSetupCaches<VideoCommon::ChannelInfo> {
+    // Page size for caching purposes.
+    // This is unrelated to the CPU page size and it can be changed as it seems optimal.
+    static constexpr u32 CACHING_PAGEBITS = 16;
+    static constexpr u64 CACHING_PAGESIZE = u64{1} << CACHING_PAGEBITS;
+
+    static constexpr bool IS_OPENGL = P::IS_OPENGL;
+    static constexpr bool HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS =
+        P::HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS;
+    static constexpr bool HAS_FULL_INDEX_AND_PRIMITIVE_SUPPORT =
+        P::HAS_FULL_INDEX_AND_PRIMITIVE_SUPPORT;
+    static constexpr bool NEEDS_BIND_UNIFORM_INDEX = P::NEEDS_BIND_UNIFORM_INDEX;
+    static constexpr bool NEEDS_BIND_STORAGE_INDEX = P::NEEDS_BIND_STORAGE_INDEX;
+    static constexpr bool USE_MEMORY_MAPS = P::USE_MEMORY_MAPS;
+    static constexpr bool SEPARATE_IMAGE_BUFFERS_BINDINGS = P::SEPARATE_IMAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS;
+    static constexpr bool IMPLEMENTS_ASYNC_DOWNLOADS = P::IMPLEMENTS_ASYNC_DOWNLOADS;
+
+    static constexpr BufferId NULL_BUFFER_ID{0};
+
+    static constexpr s64 DEFAULT_EXPECTED_MEMORY = 512_MiB;
+    static constexpr s64 DEFAULT_CRITICAL_MEMORY = 1_GiB;
+    static constexpr s64 TARGET_THRESHOLD = 4_GiB;
+
+    // Debug Flags.
+
+    static constexpr bool DISABLE_DOWNLOADS = true;
+
+    using Maxwell = Tegra::Engines::Maxwell3D::Regs;
+
+    using Runtime = typename P::Runtime;
+    using Buffer = typename P::Buffer;
+    using Async_Buffer = typename P::Async_Buffer;
+    using MemoryTracker = typename P::MemoryTracker;
+
+    using IntervalCompare = std::less<VAddr>;
+    using IntervalInstance = boost::icl::interval_type_default<VAddr, std::less>;
+    using IntervalAllocator = boost::fast_pool_allocator<VAddr>;
+    using IntervalSet = boost::icl::interval_set<VAddr>;
+    using IntervalType = typename IntervalSet::interval_type;
+
+    template <typename Type>
+    struct counter_add_functor : public boost::icl::identity_based_inplace_combine<Type> {
+        // types
+        typedef counter_add_functor<Type> type;
+        typedef boost::icl::identity_based_inplace_combine<Type> base_type;
+
+        // public member functions
+        void operator()(Type& current, const Type& added) const {
+            current += added;
+            if (current < base_type::identity_element()) {
+                current = base_type::identity_element();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // public static functions
+        static void version(Type&){};
+    };
+
+    using OverlapCombine = counter_add_functor<int>;
+    using OverlapSection = boost::icl::inter_section<int>;
+    using OverlapCounter = boost::icl::split_interval_map<VAddr, int>;
+
+    struct Empty {};
+
+    struct OverlapResult {
+        std::vector<BufferId> ids;
+        VAddr begin;
+        VAddr end;
+        bool has_stream_leap = false;
+    };
+
+    struct Binding {
+        VAddr cpu_addr{};
+        u32 size{};
+        BufferId buffer_id;
+    };
+
+    struct TextureBufferBinding : Binding {
+        PixelFormat format;
+    };
+
+    static constexpr Binding NULL_BINDING{
+        .cpu_addr = 0,
+        .size = 0,
+        .buffer_id = NULL_BUFFER_ID,
+    };
+
+public:
+    static constexpr u32 DEFAULT_SKIP_CACHE_SIZE = static_cast<u32>(4_KiB);
+
+    explicit BufferCache(VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_,
+                         Core::Memory::Memory& cpu_memory_, Runtime& runtime_);
+
+    void TickFrame();
+
+    void WriteMemory(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size);
+
+    void CachedWriteMemory(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size);
+
+    void DownloadMemory(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size);
+
+    bool InlineMemory(VAddr dest_address, size_t copy_size, std::span<const u8> inlined_buffer);
+
+    void BindGraphicsUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 index, GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u32 size);
+
+    void DisableGraphicsUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 index);
+
+    void UpdateGraphicsBuffers(bool is_indexed);
+
+    void UpdateComputeBuffers();
+
+    void BindHostGeometryBuffers(bool is_indexed);
+
+    void BindHostStageBuffers(size_t stage);
+
+    void BindHostComputeBuffers();
+
+    void SetUniformBuffersState(const std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES>& mask,
+                                const UniformBufferSizes* sizes);
+
+    void SetComputeUniformBufferState(u32 mask, const ComputeUniformBufferSizes* sizes);
+
+    void UnbindGraphicsStorageBuffers(size_t stage);
+
+    void BindGraphicsStorageBuffer(size_t stage, size_t ssbo_index, u32 cbuf_index, u32 cbuf_offset,
+                                   bool is_written);
+
+    void UnbindGraphicsTextureBuffers(size_t stage);
+
+    void BindGraphicsTextureBuffer(size_t stage, size_t tbo_index, GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u32 size,
+                                   PixelFormat format, bool is_written, bool is_image);
+
+    void UnbindComputeStorageBuffers();
+
+    void BindComputeStorageBuffer(size_t ssbo_index, u32 cbuf_index, u32 cbuf_offset,
+                                  bool is_written);
+
+    void UnbindComputeTextureBuffers();
+
+    void BindComputeTextureBuffer(size_t tbo_index, GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u32 size, PixelFormat format,
+                                  bool is_written, bool is_image);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<Buffer*, u32> ObtainBuffer(GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u32 size,
+                                                       ObtainBufferSynchronize sync_info,
+                                                       ObtainBufferOperation post_op);
+    void FlushCachedWrites();
+
+    /// Return true when there are uncommitted buffers to be downloaded
+    [[nodiscard]] bool HasUncommittedFlushes() const noexcept;
+
+    void AccumulateFlushes();
+
+    /// Return true when the caller should wait for async downloads
+    [[nodiscard]] bool ShouldWaitAsyncFlushes() const noexcept;
+
+    /// Commit asynchronous downloads
+    void CommitAsyncFlushes();
+    void CommitAsyncFlushesHigh();
+
+    /// Pop asynchronous downloads
+    void PopAsyncFlushes();
+    void PopAsyncBuffers();
+
+    bool DMACopy(GPUVAddr src_address, GPUVAddr dest_address, u64 amount);
+
+    bool DMAClear(GPUVAddr src_address, u64 amount, u32 value);
+
+    /// Return true when a CPU region is modified from the GPU
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionGpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size);
+
+    /// Return true when a region is registered on the cache
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionRegistered(VAddr addr, size_t size);
+
+    /// Return true when a CPU region is modified from the CPU
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionCpuModified(VAddr addr, size_t size);
+
+    void SetDrawIndirect(
+        const Tegra::Engines::DrawManager::IndirectParams* current_draw_indirect_) {
+        current_draw_indirect = current_draw_indirect_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<Buffer*, u32> GetDrawIndirectCount();
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<Buffer*, u32> GetDrawIndirectBuffer();
+
+    std::recursive_mutex mutex;
+    Runtime& runtime;
+
+private:
+    template <typename Func>
+    static void ForEachEnabledBit(u32 enabled_mask, Func&& func) {
+        for (u32 index = 0; enabled_mask != 0; ++index, enabled_mask >>= 1) {
+            const int disabled_bits = std::countr_zero(enabled_mask);
+            index += disabled_bits;
+            enabled_mask >>= disabled_bits;
+            func(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Func>
+    void ForEachBufferInRange(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size, Func&& func) {
+        const u64 page_end = Common::DivCeil(cpu_addr + size, CACHING_PAGESIZE);
+        for (u64 page = cpu_addr >> CACHING_PAGEBITS; page < page_end;) {
+            const BufferId buffer_id = page_table[page];
+            if (!buffer_id) {
+                ++page;
+                continue;
+            }
+            Buffer& buffer = slot_buffers[buffer_id];
+            func(buffer_id, buffer);
+
+            const VAddr end_addr = buffer.CpuAddr() + buffer.SizeBytes();
+            page = Common::DivCeil(end_addr, CACHING_PAGESIZE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Func>
+    void ForEachInRangeSet(IntervalSet& current_range, VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size, Func&& func) {
+        const VAddr start_address = cpu_addr;
+        const VAddr end_address = start_address + size;
+        const IntervalType search_interval{start_address, end_address};
+        auto it = current_range.lower_bound(search_interval);
+        if (it == current_range.end()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        auto end_it = current_range.upper_bound(search_interval);
+        for (; it != end_it; it++) {
+            VAddr inter_addr_end = it->upper();
+            VAddr inter_addr = it->lower();
+            if (inter_addr_end > end_address) {
+                inter_addr_end = end_address;
+            }
+            if (inter_addr < start_address) {
+                inter_addr = start_address;
+            }
+            func(inter_addr, inter_addr_end);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Func>
+    void ForEachInOverlapCounter(OverlapCounter& current_range, VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size,
+                                 Func&& func) {
+        const VAddr start_address = cpu_addr;
+        const VAddr end_address = start_address + size;
+        const IntervalType search_interval{start_address, end_address};
+        auto it = current_range.lower_bound(search_interval);
+        if (it == current_range.end()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        auto end_it = current_range.upper_bound(search_interval);
+        for (; it != end_it; it++) {
+            auto& inter = it->first;
+            VAddr inter_addr_end = inter.upper();
+            VAddr inter_addr = inter.lower();
+            if (inter_addr_end > end_address) {
+                inter_addr_end = end_address;
+            }
+            if (inter_addr < start_address) {
+                inter_addr = start_address;
+            }
+            func(inter_addr, inter_addr_end, it->second);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void RemoveEachInOverlapCounter(OverlapCounter& current_range,
+                                    const IntervalType search_interval, int subtract_value) {
+        bool any_removals = false;
+        current_range.add(std::make_pair(search_interval, subtract_value));
+        do {
+            any_removals = false;
+            auto it = current_range.lower_bound(search_interval);
+            if (it == current_range.end()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            auto end_it = current_range.upper_bound(search_interval);
+            for (; it != end_it; it++) {
+                if (it->second <= 0) {
+                    any_removals = true;
+                    current_range.erase(it);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        } while (any_removals);
+    }
+
+    static bool IsRangeGranular(VAddr cpu_addr, size_t size) {
+        return (cpu_addr & ~Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGEMASK) ==
+               ((cpu_addr + size) & ~Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGEMASK);
+    }
+
+    void RunGarbageCollector();
+
+    void WaitOnAsyncFlushes(VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size);
+
+    void BindHostIndexBuffer();
+
+    void BindHostVertexBuffers();
+
+    void BindHostDrawIndirectBuffers();
+
+    void BindHostGraphicsUniformBuffers(size_t stage);
+
+    void BindHostGraphicsUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 index, u32 binding_index, bool needs_bind);
+
+    void BindHostGraphicsStorageBuffers(size_t stage);
+
+    void BindHostGraphicsTextureBuffers(size_t stage);
+
+    void BindHostTransformFeedbackBuffers();
+
+    void BindHostComputeUniformBuffers();
+
+    void BindHostComputeStorageBuffers();
+
+    void BindHostComputeTextureBuffers();
+
+    void DoUpdateGraphicsBuffers(bool is_indexed);
+
+    void DoUpdateComputeBuffers();
+
+    void UpdateIndexBuffer();
+
+    void UpdateVertexBuffers();
+
+    void UpdateVertexBuffer(u32 index);
+
+    void UpdateDrawIndirect();
+
+    void UpdateUniformBuffers(size_t stage);
+
+    void UpdateStorageBuffers(size_t stage);
+
+    void UpdateTextureBuffers(size_t stage);
+
+    void UpdateTransformFeedbackBuffers();
+
+    void UpdateTransformFeedbackBuffer(u32 index);
+
+    void UpdateComputeUniformBuffers();
+
+    void UpdateComputeStorageBuffers();
+
+    void UpdateComputeTextureBuffers();
+
+    void MarkWrittenBuffer(BufferId buffer_id, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] BufferId FindBuffer(VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] OverlapResult ResolveOverlaps(VAddr cpu_addr, u32 wanted_size);
+
+    void JoinOverlap(BufferId new_buffer_id, BufferId overlap_id, bool accumulate_stream_score);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] BufferId CreateBuffer(VAddr cpu_addr, u32 wanted_size);
+
+    void Register(BufferId buffer_id);
+
+    void Unregister(BufferId buffer_id);
+
+    template <bool insert>
+    void ChangeRegister(BufferId buffer_id);
+
+    void TouchBuffer(Buffer& buffer, BufferId buffer_id) noexcept;
+
+    bool SynchronizeBuffer(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size);
+
+    bool SynchronizeBufferImpl(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size);
+
+    bool SynchronizeBufferNoModified(Buffer& buffer, VAddr cpu_addr, u32 size);
+
+    void UploadMemory(Buffer& buffer, u64 total_size_bytes, u64 largest_copy,
+                      std::span<BufferCopy> copies);
+
+    void ImmediateUploadMemory(Buffer& buffer, u64 largest_copy,
+                               std::span<const BufferCopy> copies);
+
+    void MappedUploadMemory(Buffer& buffer, u64 total_size_bytes, std::span<BufferCopy> copies);
+
+    void DownloadBufferMemory(Buffer& buffer_id);
+
+    void DownloadBufferMemory(Buffer& buffer_id, VAddr cpu_addr, u64 size);
+
+    void DeleteBuffer(BufferId buffer_id, bool do_not_mark = false);
+
+    void NotifyBufferDeletion();
+
+    [[nodiscard]] Binding StorageBufferBinding(GPUVAddr ssbo_addr, u32 cbuf_index,
+                                               bool is_written) const;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] TextureBufferBinding GetTextureBufferBinding(GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u32 size,
+                                                               PixelFormat format);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::span<const u8> ImmediateBufferWithData(VAddr cpu_addr, size_t size);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::span<u8> ImmediateBuffer(size_t wanted_capacity);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool HasFastUniformBufferBound(size_t stage, u32 binding_index) const noexcept;
+
+    void ClearDownload(IntervalType subtract_interval);
+
+    VideoCore::RasterizerInterface& rasterizer;
+    Core::Memory::Memory& cpu_memory;
+
+    SlotVector<Buffer> slot_buffers;
+    DelayedDestructionRing<Buffer, 8> delayed_destruction_ring;
+
+    const Tegra::Engines::DrawManager::IndirectParams* current_draw_indirect{};
+
+    u32 last_index_count = 0;
+
+    Binding index_buffer;
+    std::array<Binding, NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS> vertex_buffers;
+    std::array<std::array<Binding, NUM_GRAPHICS_UNIFORM_BUFFERS>, NUM_STAGES> uniform_buffers;
+    std::array<std::array<Binding, NUM_STORAGE_BUFFERS>, NUM_STAGES> storage_buffers;
+    std::array<std::array<TextureBufferBinding, NUM_TEXTURE_BUFFERS>, NUM_STAGES> texture_buffers;
+    std::array<Binding, NUM_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFERS> transform_feedback_buffers;
+    Binding count_buffer_binding;
+    Binding indirect_buffer_binding;
+
+    std::array<Binding, NUM_COMPUTE_UNIFORM_BUFFERS> compute_uniform_buffers;
+    std::array<Binding, NUM_STORAGE_BUFFERS> compute_storage_buffers;
+    std::array<TextureBufferBinding, NUM_TEXTURE_BUFFERS> compute_texture_buffers;
+
+    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> enabled_uniform_buffer_masks{};
+    u32 enabled_compute_uniform_buffer_mask = 0;
+
+    const UniformBufferSizes* uniform_buffer_sizes{};
+    const ComputeUniformBufferSizes* compute_uniform_buffer_sizes{};
+
+    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> enabled_storage_buffers{};
+    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> written_storage_buffers{};
+    u32 enabled_compute_storage_buffers = 0;
+    u32 written_compute_storage_buffers = 0;
+
+    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> enabled_texture_buffers{};
+    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> written_texture_buffers{};
+    std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES> image_texture_buffers{};
+    u32 enabled_compute_texture_buffers = 0;
+    u32 written_compute_texture_buffers = 0;
+    u32 image_compute_texture_buffers = 0;
+
+    std::array<u32, 16> uniform_cache_hits{};
+    std::array<u32, 16> uniform_cache_shots{};
+
+    u32 uniform_buffer_skip_cache_size = DEFAULT_SKIP_CACHE_SIZE;
+
+    bool has_deleted_buffers = false;
+
+    std::conditional_t<HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS, std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES>, Empty>
+        dirty_uniform_buffers{};
+    std::conditional_t<IS_OPENGL, std::array<u32, NUM_STAGES>, Empty> fast_bound_uniform_buffers{};
+    std::conditional_t<HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS,
+                       std::array<std::array<u32, NUM_GRAPHICS_UNIFORM_BUFFERS>, NUM_STAGES>, Empty>
+        uniform_buffer_binding_sizes{};
+
+    std::vector<BufferId> cached_write_buffer_ids;
+
+    MemoryTracker memory_tracker;
+    IntervalSet uncommitted_ranges;
+    IntervalSet common_ranges;
+    IntervalSet cached_ranges;
+    IntervalSet pending_ranges;
+    std::deque<IntervalSet> committed_ranges;
+
+    // Async Buffers
+    OverlapCounter async_downloads;
+    std::deque<std::optional<Async_Buffer>> async_buffers;
+    std::deque<boost::container::small_vector<BufferCopy, 4>> pending_downloads;
+    std::optional<Async_Buffer> current_buffer;
+
+    std::deque<Async_Buffer> async_buffers_death_ring;
+
+    size_t immediate_buffer_capacity = 0;
+    Common::ScratchBuffer<u8> immediate_buffer_alloc;
+
+    struct LRUItemParams {
+        using ObjectType = BufferId;
+        using TickType = u64;
+    };
+    Common::LeastRecentlyUsedCache<LRUItemParams> lru_cache;
+    u64 frame_tick = 0;
+    u64 total_used_memory = 0;
+    u64 minimum_memory = 0;
+    u64 critical_memory = 0;
+    BufferId inline_buffer_id;
+
+    bool active_async_buffers = false;
+
+    std::array<BufferId, ((1ULL << 39) >> CACHING_PAGEBITS)> page_table;
+};
+
+} // namespace VideoCommon
diff --git a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/memory_tracker_base.h b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/memory_tracker_base.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bc59017f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/memory_tracker_base.h
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <bit>
+#include <deque>
+#include <limits>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "common/alignment.h"
+#include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache/word_manager.h"
+
+namespace VideoCommon {
+
+template <class RasterizerInterface>
+class MemoryTrackerBase {
+    static constexpr size_t MAX_CPU_PAGE_BITS = 39;
+    static constexpr size_t HIGHER_PAGE_BITS = 22;
+    static constexpr size_t HIGHER_PAGE_SIZE = 1ULL << HIGHER_PAGE_BITS;
+    static constexpr size_t HIGHER_PAGE_MASK = HIGHER_PAGE_SIZE - 1ULL;
+    static constexpr size_t NUM_HIGH_PAGES = 1ULL << (MAX_CPU_PAGE_BITS - HIGHER_PAGE_BITS);
+    static constexpr size_t MANAGER_POOL_SIZE = 32;
+    static constexpr size_t WORDS_STACK_NEEDED = HIGHER_PAGE_SIZE / BYTES_PER_WORD;
+    using Manager = WordManager<RasterizerInterface, WORDS_STACK_NEEDED>;
+
+public:
+    MemoryTrackerBase(RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_) : rasterizer{&rasterizer_} {}
+    ~MemoryTrackerBase() = default;
+
+    /// Returns the inclusive CPU modified range in a begin end pair
+    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<u64, u64> ModifiedCpuRegion(VAddr query_cpu_addr,
+                                                        u64 query_size) noexcept {
+        return IteratePairs<true>(
+            query_cpu_addr, query_size, [](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                return manager->template ModifiedRegion<Type::CPU>(offset, size);
+            });
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the inclusive GPU modified range in a begin end pair
+    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<u64, u64> ModifiedGpuRegion(VAddr query_cpu_addr,
+                                                        u64 query_size) noexcept {
+        return IteratePairs<false>(
+            query_cpu_addr, query_size, [](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                return manager->template ModifiedRegion<Type::GPU>(offset, size);
+            });
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if a region has been modified from the CPU
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionCpuModified(VAddr query_cpu_addr, u64 query_size) noexcept {
+        return IteratePages<true>(
+            query_cpu_addr, query_size, [](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                return manager->template IsRegionModified<Type::CPU>(offset, size);
+            });
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if a region has been modified from the GPU
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionGpuModified(VAddr query_cpu_addr, u64 query_size) noexcept {
+        return IteratePages<false>(
+            query_cpu_addr, query_size, [](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                return manager->template IsRegionModified<Type::GPU>(offset, size);
+            });
+    }
+
+    /// Mark region as CPU modified, notifying the rasterizer about this change
+    void MarkRegionAsCpuModified(VAddr dirty_cpu_addr, u64 query_size) {
+        IteratePages<true>(dirty_cpu_addr, query_size,
+                           [](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                               manager->template ChangeRegionState<Type::CPU, true>(
+                                   manager->GetCpuAddr() + offset, size);
+                           });
+    }
+
+    /// Unmark region as CPU modified, notifying the rasterizer about this change
+    void UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(VAddr dirty_cpu_addr, u64 query_size) {
+        IteratePages<true>(dirty_cpu_addr, query_size,
+                           [](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                               manager->template ChangeRegionState<Type::CPU, false>(
+                                   manager->GetCpuAddr() + offset, size);
+                           });
+    }
+
+    /// Mark region as modified from the host GPU
+    void MarkRegionAsGpuModified(VAddr dirty_cpu_addr, u64 query_size) noexcept {
+        IteratePages<true>(dirty_cpu_addr, query_size,
+                           [](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                               manager->template ChangeRegionState<Type::GPU, true>(
+                                   manager->GetCpuAddr() + offset, size);
+                           });
+    }
+
+    /// Unmark region as modified from the host GPU
+    void UnmarkRegionAsGpuModified(VAddr dirty_cpu_addr, u64 query_size) noexcept {
+        IteratePages<true>(dirty_cpu_addr, query_size,
+                           [](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                               manager->template ChangeRegionState<Type::GPU, false>(
+                                   manager->GetCpuAddr() + offset, size);
+                           });
+    }
+
+    /// Mark region as modified from the CPU
+    /// but don't mark it as modified until FlusHCachedWrites is called.
+    void CachedCpuWrite(VAddr dirty_cpu_addr, u64 query_size) {
+        IteratePages<true>(
+            dirty_cpu_addr, query_size, [this](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                const VAddr cpu_address = manager->GetCpuAddr() + offset;
+                manager->template ChangeRegionState<Type::CachedCPU, true>(cpu_address, size);
+                cached_pages.insert(static_cast<u32>(cpu_address >> HIGHER_PAGE_BITS));
+            });
+    }
+
+    /// Flushes cached CPU writes, and notify the rasterizer about the deltas
+    void FlushCachedWrites(VAddr query_cpu_addr, u64 query_size) noexcept {
+        IteratePages<false>(query_cpu_addr, query_size,
+                            [](Manager* manager, [[maybe_unused]] u64 offset,
+                               [[maybe_unused]] size_t size) { manager->FlushCachedWrites(); });
+    }
+
+    void FlushCachedWrites() noexcept {
+        for (auto id : cached_pages) {
+            top_tier[id]->FlushCachedWrites();
+        }
+        cached_pages.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Call 'func' for each CPU modified range and unmark those pages as CPU modified
+    template <typename Func>
+    void ForEachUploadRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, u64 query_size, Func&& func) {
+        IteratePages<true>(query_cpu_range, query_size,
+                           [&func](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                               manager->template ForEachModifiedRange<Type::CPU, true>(
+                                   manager->GetCpuAddr() + offset, size, func);
+                           });
+    }
+
+    /// Call 'func' for each GPU modified range and unmark those pages as GPU modified
+    template <typename Func>
+    void ForEachDownloadRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, u64 query_size, bool clear, Func&& func) {
+        IteratePages<false>(query_cpu_range, query_size,
+                            [&func, clear](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                                if (clear) {
+                                    manager->template ForEachModifiedRange<Type::GPU, true>(
+                                        manager->GetCpuAddr() + offset, size, func);
+                                } else {
+                                    manager->template ForEachModifiedRange<Type::GPU, false>(
+                                        manager->GetCpuAddr() + offset, size, func);
+                                }
+                            });
+    }
+
+    template <typename Func>
+    void ForEachDownloadRangeAndClear(VAddr query_cpu_range, u64 query_size, Func&& func) {
+        IteratePages<false>(query_cpu_range, query_size,
+                            [&func](Manager* manager, u64 offset, size_t size) {
+                                manager->template ForEachModifiedRange<Type::GPU, true>(
+                                    manager->GetCpuAddr() + offset, size, func);
+                            });
+    }
+
+private:
+    template <bool create_region_on_fail, typename Func>
+    bool IteratePages(VAddr cpu_address, size_t size, Func&& func) {
+        using FuncReturn = typename std::invoke_result<Func, Manager*, u64, size_t>::type;
+        static constexpr bool BOOL_BREAK = std::is_same_v<FuncReturn, bool>;
+        std::size_t remaining_size{size};
+        std::size_t page_index{cpu_address >> HIGHER_PAGE_BITS};
+        u64 page_offset{cpu_address & HIGHER_PAGE_MASK};
+        while (remaining_size > 0) {
+            const std::size_t copy_amount{std::min(HIGHER_PAGE_SIZE - page_offset, remaining_size)};
+            auto* manager{top_tier[page_index]};
+            if (manager) {
+                if constexpr (BOOL_BREAK) {
+                    if (func(manager, page_offset, copy_amount)) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    func(manager, page_offset, copy_amount);
+                }
+            } else if constexpr (create_region_on_fail) {
+                CreateRegion(page_index);
+                manager = top_tier[page_index];
+                if constexpr (BOOL_BREAK) {
+                    if (func(manager, page_offset, copy_amount)) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    func(manager, page_offset, copy_amount);
+                }
+            }
+            page_index++;
+            page_offset = 0;
+            remaining_size -= copy_amount;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    template <bool create_region_on_fail, typename Func>
+    std::pair<u64, u64> IteratePairs(VAddr cpu_address, size_t size, Func&& func) {
+        std::size_t remaining_size{size};
+        std::size_t page_index{cpu_address >> HIGHER_PAGE_BITS};
+        u64 page_offset{cpu_address & HIGHER_PAGE_MASK};
+        u64 begin = std::numeric_limits<u64>::max();
+        u64 end = 0;
+        while (remaining_size > 0) {
+            const std::size_t copy_amount{std::min(HIGHER_PAGE_SIZE - page_offset, remaining_size)};
+            auto* manager{top_tier[page_index]};
+            const auto execute = [&] {
+                auto [new_begin, new_end] = func(manager, page_offset, copy_amount);
+                if (new_begin != 0 || new_end != 0) {
+                    const u64 base_address = page_index << HIGHER_PAGE_BITS;
+                    begin = std::min(new_begin + base_address, begin);
+                    end = std::max(new_end + base_address, end);
+                }
+            };
+            if (manager) {
+                execute();
+            } else if constexpr (create_region_on_fail) {
+                CreateRegion(page_index);
+                manager = top_tier[page_index];
+                execute();
+            }
+            page_index++;
+            page_offset = 0;
+            remaining_size -= copy_amount;
+        }
+        if (begin < end) {
+            return std::make_pair(begin, end);
+        } else {
+            return std::make_pair(0ULL, 0ULL);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void CreateRegion(std::size_t page_index) {
+        const VAddr base_cpu_addr = page_index << HIGHER_PAGE_BITS;
+        top_tier[page_index] = GetNewManager(base_cpu_addr);
+    }
+
+    Manager* GetNewManager(VAddr base_cpu_addess) {
+        const auto on_return = [&] {
+            auto* new_manager = free_managers.front();
+            new_manager->SetCpuAddress(base_cpu_addess);
+            free_managers.pop_front();
+            return new_manager;
+        };
+        if (!free_managers.empty()) {
+            return on_return();
+        }
+        manager_pool.emplace_back();
+        auto& last_pool = manager_pool.back();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < MANAGER_POOL_SIZE; i++) {
+            new (&last_pool[i]) Manager(0, *rasterizer, HIGHER_PAGE_SIZE);
+            free_managers.push_back(&last_pool[i]);
+        }
+        return on_return();
+    }
+
+    std::deque<std::array<Manager, MANAGER_POOL_SIZE>> manager_pool;
+    std::deque<Manager*> free_managers;
+
+    std::array<Manager*, NUM_HIGH_PAGES> top_tier{};
+
+    std::unordered_set<u32> cached_pages;
+
+    RasterizerInterface* rasterizer = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // namespace VideoCommon
diff --git a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/word_manager.h b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/word_manager.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a42455045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/word_manager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <bit>
+#include <limits>
+#include <span>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "common/alignment.h"
+#include "common/common_funcs.h"
+#include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "common/div_ceil.h"
+#include "core/memory.h"
+
+namespace VideoCommon {
+
+constexpr u64 PAGES_PER_WORD = 64;
+constexpr u64 BYTES_PER_PAGE = Core::Memory::YUZU_PAGESIZE;
+constexpr u64 BYTES_PER_WORD = PAGES_PER_WORD * BYTES_PER_PAGE;
+
+enum class Type {
+    CPU,
+    GPU,
+    CachedCPU,
+    Untracked,
+};
+
+/// Vector tracking modified pages tightly packed with small vector optimization
+template <size_t stack_words = 1>
+struct WordsArray {
+    /// Returns the pointer to the words state
+    [[nodiscard]] const u64* Pointer(bool is_short) const noexcept {
+        return is_short ? stack.data() : heap;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the pointer to the words state
+    [[nodiscard]] u64* Pointer(bool is_short) noexcept {
+        return is_short ? stack.data() : heap;
+    }
+
+    std::array<u64, stack_words> stack{}; ///< Small buffers storage
+    u64* heap;                            ///< Not-small buffers pointer to the storage
+};
+
+template <size_t stack_words = 1>
+struct Words {
+    explicit Words() = default;
+    explicit Words(u64 size_bytes_) : size_bytes{size_bytes_} {
+        num_words = Common::DivCeil(size_bytes, BYTES_PER_WORD);
+        if (IsShort()) {
+            cpu.stack.fill(~u64{0});
+            gpu.stack.fill(0);
+            cached_cpu.stack.fill(0);
+            untracked.stack.fill(~u64{0});
+        } else {
+            // Share allocation between CPU and GPU pages and set their default values
+            u64* const alloc = new u64[num_words * 4];
+            cpu.heap = alloc;
+            gpu.heap = alloc + num_words;
+            cached_cpu.heap = alloc + num_words * 2;
+            untracked.heap = alloc + num_words * 3;
+            std::fill_n(cpu.heap, num_words, ~u64{0});
+            std::fill_n(gpu.heap, num_words, 0);
+            std::fill_n(cached_cpu.heap, num_words, 0);
+            std::fill_n(untracked.heap, num_words, ~u64{0});
+        }
+        // Clean up tailing bits
+        const u64 last_word_size = size_bytes % BYTES_PER_WORD;
+        const u64 last_local_page = Common::DivCeil(last_word_size, BYTES_PER_PAGE);
+        const u64 shift = (PAGES_PER_WORD - last_local_page) % PAGES_PER_WORD;
+        const u64 last_word = (~u64{0} << shift) >> shift;
+        cpu.Pointer(IsShort())[NumWords() - 1] = last_word;
+        untracked.Pointer(IsShort())[NumWords() - 1] = last_word;
+    }
+
+    ~Words() {
+        Release();
+    }
+
+    Words& operator=(Words&& rhs) noexcept {
+        Release();
+        size_bytes = rhs.size_bytes;
+        num_words = rhs.num_words;
+        cpu = rhs.cpu;
+        gpu = rhs.gpu;
+        cached_cpu = rhs.cached_cpu;
+        untracked = rhs.untracked;
+        rhs.cpu.heap = nullptr;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    Words(Words&& rhs) noexcept
+        : size_bytes{rhs.size_bytes}, num_words{rhs.num_words}, cpu{rhs.cpu}, gpu{rhs.gpu},
+          cached_cpu{rhs.cached_cpu}, untracked{rhs.untracked} {
+        rhs.cpu.heap = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    Words& operator=(const Words&) = delete;
+    Words(const Words&) = delete;
+
+    /// Returns true when the buffer fits in the small vector optimization
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsShort() const noexcept {
+        return num_words <= stack_words;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of words of the buffer
+    [[nodiscard]] size_t NumWords() const noexcept {
+        return num_words;
+    }
+
+    /// Release buffer resources
+    void Release() {
+        if (!IsShort()) {
+            // CPU written words is the base for the heap allocation
+            delete[] cpu.heap;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <Type type>
+    std::span<u64> Span() noexcept {
+        if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
+            return std::span<u64>(cpu.Pointer(IsShort()), num_words);
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::GPU) {
+            return std::span<u64>(gpu.Pointer(IsShort()), num_words);
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::CachedCPU) {
+            return std::span<u64>(cached_cpu.Pointer(IsShort()), num_words);
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::Untracked) {
+            return std::span<u64>(untracked.Pointer(IsShort()), num_words);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <Type type>
+    std::span<const u64> Span() const noexcept {
+        if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
+            return std::span<const u64>(cpu.Pointer(IsShort()), num_words);
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::GPU) {
+            return std::span<const u64>(gpu.Pointer(IsShort()), num_words);
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::CachedCPU) {
+            return std::span<const u64>(cached_cpu.Pointer(IsShort()), num_words);
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::Untracked) {
+            return std::span<const u64>(untracked.Pointer(IsShort()), num_words);
+        }
+    }
+
+    u64 size_bytes = 0;
+    size_t num_words = 0;
+    WordsArray<stack_words> cpu;
+    WordsArray<stack_words> gpu;
+    WordsArray<stack_words> cached_cpu;
+    WordsArray<stack_words> untracked;
+};
+
+template <class RasterizerInterface, size_t stack_words = 1>
+class WordManager {
+public:
+    explicit WordManager(VAddr cpu_addr_, RasterizerInterface& rasterizer_, u64 size_bytes)
+        : cpu_addr{cpu_addr_}, rasterizer{&rasterizer_}, words{size_bytes} {}
+
+    explicit WordManager() = default;
+
+    void SetCpuAddress(VAddr new_cpu_addr) {
+        cpu_addr = new_cpu_addr;
+    }
+
+    VAddr GetCpuAddr() const {
+        return cpu_addr;
+    }
+
+    static u64 ExtractBits(u64 word, size_t page_start, size_t page_end) {
+        constexpr size_t number_bits = sizeof(u64) * 8;
+        const size_t limit_page_end = number_bits - std::min(page_end, number_bits);
+        u64 bits = (word >> page_start) << page_start;
+        bits = (bits << limit_page_end) >> limit_page_end;
+        return bits;
+    }
+
+    static std::pair<size_t, size_t> GetWordPage(VAddr address) {
+        const size_t converted_address = static_cast<size_t>(address);
+        const size_t word_number = converted_address / BYTES_PER_WORD;
+        const size_t amount_pages = converted_address % BYTES_PER_WORD;
+        return std::make_pair(word_number, amount_pages / BYTES_PER_PAGE);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Func>
+    void IterateWords(size_t offset, size_t size, Func&& func) const {
+        using FuncReturn = std::invoke_result_t<Func, std::size_t, u64>;
+        static constexpr bool BOOL_BREAK = std::is_same_v<FuncReturn, bool>;
+        const size_t start = static_cast<size_t>(std::max<s64>(static_cast<s64>(offset), 0LL));
+        const size_t end = static_cast<size_t>(std::max<s64>(static_cast<s64>(offset + size), 0LL));
+        if (start >= SizeBytes() || end <= start) {
+            return;
+        }
+        auto [start_word, start_page] = GetWordPage(start);
+        auto [end_word, end_page] = GetWordPage(end + BYTES_PER_PAGE - 1ULL);
+        const size_t num_words = NumWords();
+        start_word = std::min(start_word, num_words);
+        end_word = std::min(end_word, num_words);
+        const size_t diff = end_word - start_word;
+        end_word += (end_page + PAGES_PER_WORD - 1ULL) / PAGES_PER_WORD;
+        end_word = std::min(end_word, num_words);
+        end_page += diff * PAGES_PER_WORD;
+        constexpr u64 base_mask{~0ULL};
+        for (size_t word_index = start_word; word_index < end_word; word_index++) {
+            const u64 mask = ExtractBits(base_mask, start_page, end_page);
+            start_page = 0;
+            end_page -= PAGES_PER_WORD;
+            if constexpr (BOOL_BREAK) {
+                if (func(word_index, mask)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else {
+                func(word_index, mask);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename Func>
+    void IteratePages(u64 mask, Func&& func) const {
+        size_t offset = 0;
+        while (mask != 0) {
+            const size_t empty_bits = std::countr_zero(mask);
+            offset += empty_bits;
+            mask = mask >> empty_bits;
+
+            const size_t continuous_bits = std::countr_one(mask);
+            func(offset, continuous_bits);
+            mask = continuous_bits < PAGES_PER_WORD ? (mask >> continuous_bits) : 0;
+            offset += continuous_bits;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change the state of a range of pages
+     *
+     * @param dirty_addr    Base address to mark or unmark as modified
+     * @param size          Size in bytes to mark or unmark as modified
+     */
+    template <Type type, bool enable>
+    void ChangeRegionState(u64 dirty_addr, u64 size) noexcept(type == Type::GPU) {
+        std::span<u64> state_words = words.template Span<type>();
+        [[maybe_unused]] std::span<u64> untracked_words = words.template Span<Type::Untracked>();
+        [[maybe_unused]] std::span<u64> cached_words = words.template Span<Type::CachedCPU>();
+        IterateWords(dirty_addr - cpu_addr, size, [&](size_t index, u64 mask) {
+            if constexpr (type == Type::CPU || type == Type::CachedCPU) {
+                NotifyRasterizer<!enable>(index, untracked_words[index], mask);
+            }
+            if constexpr (enable) {
+                state_words[index] |= mask;
+                if constexpr (type == Type::CPU || type == Type::CachedCPU) {
+                    untracked_words[index] |= mask;
+                }
+                if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
+                    cached_words[index] &= ~mask;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
+                    const u64 word = state_words[index] & mask;
+                    cached_words[index] &= ~word;
+                }
+                state_words[index] &= ~mask;
+                if constexpr (type == Type::CPU || type == Type::CachedCPU) {
+                    untracked_words[index] &= ~mask;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loop over each page in the given range, turn off those bits and notify the rasterizer if
+     * needed. Call the given function on each turned off range.
+     *
+     * @param query_cpu_range Base CPU address to loop over
+     * @param size            Size in bytes of the CPU range to loop over
+     * @param func            Function to call for each turned off region
+     */
+    template <Type type, bool clear, typename Func>
+    void ForEachModifiedRange(VAddr query_cpu_range, s64 size, Func&& func) {
+        static_assert(type != Type::Untracked);
+
+        std::span<u64> state_words = words.template Span<type>();
+        [[maybe_unused]] std::span<u64> untracked_words = words.template Span<Type::Untracked>();
+        [[maybe_unused]] std::span<u64> cached_words = words.template Span<Type::CachedCPU>();
+        const size_t offset = query_cpu_range - cpu_addr;
+        bool pending = false;
+        size_t pending_offset{};
+        size_t pending_pointer{};
+        const auto release = [&]() {
+            func(cpu_addr + pending_offset * BYTES_PER_PAGE,
+                 (pending_pointer - pending_offset) * BYTES_PER_PAGE);
+        };
+        IterateWords(offset, size, [&](size_t index, u64 mask) {
+            const u64 word = state_words[index] & mask;
+            if constexpr (clear) {
+                if constexpr (type == Type::CPU || type == Type::CachedCPU) {
+                    NotifyRasterizer<true>(index, untracked_words[index], mask);
+                }
+                state_words[index] &= ~mask;
+                if constexpr (type == Type::CPU || type == Type::CachedCPU) {
+                    untracked_words[index] &= ~mask;
+                }
+                if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
+                    cached_words[index] &= ~word;
+                }
+            }
+            const size_t base_offset = index * PAGES_PER_WORD;
+            IteratePages(word, [&](size_t pages_offset, size_t pages_size) {
+                const auto reset = [&]() {
+                    pending_offset = base_offset + pages_offset;
+                    pending_pointer = base_offset + pages_offset + pages_size;
+                };
+                if (!pending) {
+                    reset();
+                    pending = true;
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (pending_pointer == base_offset + pages_offset) {
+                    pending_pointer += pages_size;
+                    return;
+                }
+                release();
+                reset();
+            });
+        });
+        if (pending) {
+            release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true when a region has been modified
+     *
+     * @param offset Offset in bytes from the start of the buffer
+     * @param size   Size in bytes of the region to query for modifications
+     */
+    template <Type type>
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsRegionModified(u64 offset, u64 size) const noexcept {
+        static_assert(type != Type::Untracked);
+
+        const std::span<const u64> state_words = words.template Span<type>();
+        bool result = false;
+        IterateWords(offset, size, [&](size_t index, u64 mask) {
+            const u64 word = state_words[index] & mask;
+            if (word != 0) {
+                result = true;
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        });
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a begin end pair with the inclusive modified region
+     *
+     * @param offset Offset in bytes from the start of the buffer
+     * @param size   Size in bytes of the region to query for modifications
+     */
+    template <Type type>
+    [[nodiscard]] std::pair<u64, u64> ModifiedRegion(u64 offset, u64 size) const noexcept {
+        static_assert(type != Type::Untracked);
+        const std::span<const u64> state_words = words.template Span<type>();
+        u64 begin = std::numeric_limits<u64>::max();
+        u64 end = 0;
+        IterateWords(offset, size, [&](size_t index, u64 mask) {
+            const u64 word = state_words[index] & mask;
+            if (word == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            const u64 local_page_begin = std::countr_zero(word);
+            const u64 local_page_end = PAGES_PER_WORD - std::countl_zero(word);
+            const u64 page_index = index * PAGES_PER_WORD;
+            begin = std::min(begin, page_index + local_page_begin);
+            end = page_index + local_page_end;
+        });
+        static constexpr std::pair<u64, u64> EMPTY{0, 0};
+        return begin < end ? std::make_pair(begin * BYTES_PER_PAGE, end * BYTES_PER_PAGE) : EMPTY;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of words of the manager
+    [[nodiscard]] size_t NumWords() const noexcept {
+        return words.NumWords();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the size in bytes of the manager
+    [[nodiscard]] u64 SizeBytes() const noexcept {
+        return words.size_bytes;
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true when the buffer fits in the small vector optimization
+    [[nodiscard]] bool IsShort() const noexcept {
+        return words.IsShort();
+    }
+
+    void FlushCachedWrites() noexcept {
+        const u64 num_words = NumWords();
+        u64* const cached_words = Array<Type::CachedCPU>();
+        u64* const untracked_words = Array<Type::Untracked>();
+        u64* const cpu_words = Array<Type::CPU>();
+        for (u64 word_index = 0; word_index < num_words; ++word_index) {
+            const u64 cached_bits = cached_words[word_index];
+            NotifyRasterizer<false>(word_index, untracked_words[word_index], cached_bits);
+            untracked_words[word_index] |= cached_bits;
+            cpu_words[word_index] |= cached_bits;
+            cached_words[word_index] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    template <Type type>
+    u64* Array() noexcept {
+        if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
+            return words.cpu.Pointer(IsShort());
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::GPU) {
+            return words.gpu.Pointer(IsShort());
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::CachedCPU) {
+            return words.cached_cpu.Pointer(IsShort());
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::Untracked) {
+            return words.untracked.Pointer(IsShort());
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <Type type>
+    const u64* Array() const noexcept {
+        if constexpr (type == Type::CPU) {
+            return words.cpu.Pointer(IsShort());
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::GPU) {
+            return words.gpu.Pointer(IsShort());
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::CachedCPU) {
+            return words.cached_cpu.Pointer(IsShort());
+        } else if constexpr (type == Type::Untracked) {
+            return words.untracked.Pointer(IsShort());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify rasterizer about changes in the CPU tracking state of a word in the buffer
+     *
+     * @param word_index   Index to the word to notify to the rasterizer
+     * @param current_bits Current state of the word
+     * @param new_bits     New state of the word
+     *
+     * @tparam add_to_rasterizer True when the rasterizer should start tracking the new pages
+     */
+    template <bool add_to_rasterizer>
+    void NotifyRasterizer(u64 word_index, u64 current_bits, u64 new_bits) const {
+        u64 changed_bits = (add_to_rasterizer ? current_bits : ~current_bits) & new_bits;
+        VAddr addr = cpu_addr + word_index * BYTES_PER_WORD;
+        IteratePages(changed_bits, [&](size_t offset, size_t size) {
+            rasterizer->UpdatePagesCachedCount(addr + offset * BYTES_PER_PAGE,
+                                               size * BYTES_PER_PAGE, add_to_rasterizer ? 1 : -1);
+        });
+    }
+
+    VAddr cpu_addr = 0;
+    RasterizerInterface* rasterizer = nullptr;
+    Words<stack_words> words;
+};
+
+} // namespace VideoCommon
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h
index a8c3f8b67..18d3c3ac0 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include "common/common_types.h"
 #include "video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache/memory_tracker_base.h"
 #include "video_core/rasterizer_interface.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_device.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_resource_manager.h"
@@ -200,6 +201,8 @@ private:
 struct BufferCacheParams {
     using Runtime = OpenGL::BufferCacheRuntime;
     using Buffer = OpenGL::Buffer;
+    using Async_Buffer = u32;
+    using MemoryTracker = VideoCommon::MemoryTrackerBase<VideoCore::RasterizerInterface>;
 
     static constexpr bool IS_OPENGL = true;
     static constexpr bool HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS = true;
@@ -208,6 +211,7 @@ struct BufferCacheParams {
     static constexpr bool NEEDS_BIND_STORAGE_INDEX = true;
     static constexpr bool USE_MEMORY_MAPS = false;
     static constexpr bool SEPARATE_IMAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS = true;
+    static constexpr bool IMPLEMENTS_ASYNC_DOWNLOADS = false;
 };
 
 using BufferCache = VideoCommon::BufferCache<BufferCacheParams>;
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache_base.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache_base.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f15ae8e25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache_base.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h"
+
+namespace VideoCommon {
+template class VideoCommon::BufferCache<OpenGL::BufferCacheParams>;
+}
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.cpp
index 9cbcb3c8f..510602e8e 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.cpp
@@ -314,8 +314,12 @@ StagingBufferRef BufferCacheRuntime::UploadStagingBuffer(size_t size) {
     return staging_pool.Request(size, MemoryUsage::Upload);
 }
 
-StagingBufferRef BufferCacheRuntime::DownloadStagingBuffer(size_t size) {
-    return staging_pool.Request(size, MemoryUsage::Download);
+StagingBufferRef BufferCacheRuntime::DownloadStagingBuffer(size_t size, bool deferred) {
+    return staging_pool.Request(size, MemoryUsage::Download, deferred);
+}
+
+void BufferCacheRuntime::FreeDeferredStagingBuffer(StagingBufferRef& ref) {
+    staging_pool.FreeDeferred(ref);
 }
 
 u64 BufferCacheRuntime::GetDeviceLocalMemory() const {
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.h b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.h
index 183b33632..879f1ed94 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.h
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h"
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache/memory_tracker_base.h"
 #include "video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_compute_pass.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_staging_buffer_pool.h"
@@ -75,7 +76,9 @@ public:
 
     [[nodiscard]] StagingBufferRef UploadStagingBuffer(size_t size);
 
-    [[nodiscard]] StagingBufferRef DownloadStagingBuffer(size_t size);
+    [[nodiscard]] StagingBufferRef DownloadStagingBuffer(size_t size, bool deferred = false);
+
+    void FreeDeferredStagingBuffer(StagingBufferRef& ref);
 
     void PreCopyBarrier();
 
@@ -142,6 +145,8 @@ private:
 struct BufferCacheParams {
     using Runtime = Vulkan::BufferCacheRuntime;
     using Buffer = Vulkan::Buffer;
+    using Async_Buffer = Vulkan::StagingBufferRef;
+    using MemoryTracker = VideoCommon::MemoryTrackerBase<VideoCore::RasterizerInterface>;
 
     static constexpr bool IS_OPENGL = false;
     static constexpr bool HAS_PERSISTENT_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS = false;
@@ -150,6 +155,7 @@ struct BufferCacheParams {
     static constexpr bool NEEDS_BIND_STORAGE_INDEX = false;
     static constexpr bool USE_MEMORY_MAPS = true;
     static constexpr bool SEPARATE_IMAGE_BUFFER_BINDINGS = false;
+    static constexpr bool IMPLEMENTS_ASYNC_DOWNLOADS = true;
 };
 
 using BufferCache = VideoCommon::BufferCache<BufferCacheParams>;
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache_base.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache_base.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9e271507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache_base.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.h"
+
+namespace VideoCommon {
+template class VideoCommon::BufferCache<Vulkan::BufferCacheParams>;
+}