8 files changed, 153 insertions, 136 deletions

diff --git a/src/core/file_sys/vfs_real.cpp b/src/core/file_sys/vfs_real.cpp
index cc0076238..7a15d8438 100644
--- a/src/core/file_sys/vfs_real.cpp
+++ b/src/core/file_sys/vfs_real.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ namespace FS = Common::FS;
 
 namespace {
 
+constexpr size_t MaxOpenFiles = 512;
+
 constexpr FS::FileAccessMode ModeFlagsToFileAccessMode(Mode mode) {
     switch (mode) {
     case Mode::Read:
@@ -73,28 +75,30 @@ VfsEntryType RealVfsFilesystem::GetEntryType(std::string_view path_) const {
 VirtualFile RealVfsFilesystem::OpenFile(std::string_view path_, Mode perms) {
     const auto path = FS::SanitizePath(path_, FS::DirectorySeparator::PlatformDefault);
 
-    if (const auto weak_iter = cache.find(path); weak_iter != cache.cend()) {
-        const auto& weak = weak_iter->second;
-
-        if (!weak.expired()) {
-            return std::shared_ptr<RealVfsFile>(new RealVfsFile(*this, weak.lock(), path, perms));
+    if (auto it = cache.find(path); it != cache.end()) {
+        if (auto file = it->second.lock(); file) {
+            return file;
         }
     }
 
-    auto backing = FS::FileOpen(path, ModeFlagsToFileAccessMode(perms), FS::FileType::BinaryFile);
-
-    if (!backing) {
+    if (!FS::Exists(path) || !FS::IsFile(path)) {
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    cache.insert_or_assign(path, std::move(backing));
+    auto reference = std::make_unique<FileReference>();
+    this->InsertReferenceIntoList(*reference);
 
-    // Cannot use make_shared as RealVfsFile constructor is private
-    return std::shared_ptr<RealVfsFile>(new RealVfsFile(*this, backing, path, perms));
+    auto file =
+        std::shared_ptr<RealVfsFile>(new RealVfsFile(*this, std::move(reference), path, perms));
+    cache[path] = file;
+
+    return file;
 }
 
 VirtualFile RealVfsFilesystem::CreateFile(std::string_view path_, Mode perms) {
     const auto path = FS::SanitizePath(path_, FS::DirectorySeparator::PlatformDefault);
+    cache.erase(path);
+
     // Current usages of CreateFile expect to delete the contents of an existing file.
     if (FS::IsFile(path)) {
         FS::IOFile temp{path, FS::FileAccessMode::Write, FS::FileType::BinaryFile};
@@ -123,51 +127,22 @@ VirtualFile RealVfsFilesystem::CopyFile(std::string_view old_path_, std::string_
 VirtualFile RealVfsFilesystem::MoveFile(std::string_view old_path_, std::string_view new_path_) {
     const auto old_path = FS::SanitizePath(old_path_, FS::DirectorySeparator::PlatformDefault);
     const auto new_path = FS::SanitizePath(new_path_, FS::DirectorySeparator::PlatformDefault);
-    const auto cached_file_iter = cache.find(old_path);
-
-    if (cached_file_iter != cache.cend()) {
-        auto file = cached_file_iter->second.lock();
-
-        if (!cached_file_iter->second.expired()) {
-            file->Close();
-        }
-
-        if (!FS::RenameFile(old_path, new_path)) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-
-        cache.erase(old_path);
-        file->Open(new_path, FS::FileAccessMode::Read, FS::FileType::BinaryFile);
-        if (file->IsOpen()) {
-            cache.insert_or_assign(new_path, std::move(file));
-        } else {
-            LOG_ERROR(Service_FS, "Failed to open path {} in order to re-cache it", new_path);
-        }
-    } else {
-        ASSERT(false);
+    cache.erase(old_path);
+    cache.erase(new_path);
+    if (!FS::RenameFile(old_path, new_path)) {
         return nullptr;
     }
-
     return OpenFile(new_path, Mode::ReadWrite);
 }
 
 bool RealVfsFilesystem::DeleteFile(std::string_view path_) {
     const auto path = FS::SanitizePath(path_, FS::DirectorySeparator::PlatformDefault);
-    const auto cached_iter = cache.find(path);
-
-    if (cached_iter != cache.cend()) {
-        if (!cached_iter->second.expired()) {
-            cached_iter->second.lock()->Close();
-        }
-        cache.erase(path);
-    }
-
+    cache.erase(path);
     return FS::RemoveFile(path);
 }
 
 VirtualDir RealVfsFilesystem::OpenDirectory(std::string_view path_, Mode perms) {
     const auto path = FS::SanitizePath(path_, FS::DirectorySeparator::PlatformDefault);
-    // Cannot use make_shared as RealVfsDirectory constructor is private
     return std::shared_ptr<RealVfsDirectory>(new RealVfsDirectory(*this, path, perms));
 }
 
@@ -176,7 +151,6 @@ VirtualDir RealVfsFilesystem::CreateDirectory(std::string_view path_, Mode perms
     if (!FS::CreateDirs(path)) {
         return nullptr;
     }
-    // Cannot use make_shared as RealVfsDirectory constructor is private
     return std::shared_ptr<RealVfsDirectory>(new RealVfsDirectory(*this, path, perms));
 }
 
@@ -194,73 +168,102 @@ VirtualDir RealVfsFilesystem::MoveDirectory(std::string_view old_path_,
     if (!FS::RenameDir(old_path, new_path)) {
         return nullptr;
     }
+    return OpenDirectory(new_path, Mode::ReadWrite);
+}
 
-    for (auto& kv : cache) {
-        // If the path in the cache doesn't start with old_path, then bail on this file.
-        if (kv.first.rfind(old_path, 0) != 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
+bool RealVfsFilesystem::DeleteDirectory(std::string_view path_) {
+    const auto path = FS::SanitizePath(path_, FS::DirectorySeparator::PlatformDefault);
+    return FS::RemoveDirRecursively(path);
+}
 
-        const auto file_old_path =
-            FS::SanitizePath(kv.first, FS::DirectorySeparator::PlatformDefault);
-        auto file_new_path = FS::SanitizePath(new_path + '/' + kv.first.substr(old_path.size()),
-                                              FS::DirectorySeparator::PlatformDefault);
-        const auto& cached = cache[file_old_path];
+void RealVfsFilesystem::RefreshReference(const std::string& path, Mode perms,
+                                         FileReference& reference) {
+    // Temporarily remove from list.
+    this->RemoveReferenceFromList(reference);
 
-        if (cached.expired()) {
-            continue;
-        }
+    // Restore file if needed.
+    if (!reference.file) {
+        this->EvictSingleReference();
 
-        auto file = cached.lock();
-        cache.erase(file_old_path);
-        file->Open(file_new_path, FS::FileAccessMode::Read, FS::FileType::BinaryFile);
-        if (file->IsOpen()) {
-            cache.insert_or_assign(std::move(file_new_path), std::move(file));
-        } else {
-            LOG_ERROR(Service_FS, "Failed to open path {} in order to re-cache it", file_new_path);
+        reference.file =
+            FS::FileOpen(path, ModeFlagsToFileAccessMode(perms), FS::FileType::BinaryFile);
+        if (reference.file) {
+            num_open_files++;
         }
     }
 
-    return OpenDirectory(new_path, Mode::ReadWrite);
+    // Reinsert into list.
+    this->InsertReferenceIntoList(reference);
 }
 
-bool RealVfsFilesystem::DeleteDirectory(std::string_view path_) {
-    const auto path = FS::SanitizePath(path_, FS::DirectorySeparator::PlatformDefault);
+void RealVfsFilesystem::DropReference(std::unique_ptr<FileReference>&& reference) {
+    // Remove from list.
+    this->RemoveReferenceFromList(*reference);
 
-    for (auto& kv : cache) {
-        // If the path in the cache doesn't start with path, then bail on this file.
-        if (kv.first.rfind(path, 0) != 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
+    // Close the file.
+    if (reference->file) {
+        reference->file.reset();
+        num_open_files--;
+    }
+}
 
-        const auto& entry = cache[kv.first];
-        if (!entry.expired()) {
-            entry.lock()->Close();
-        }
+void RealVfsFilesystem::EvictSingleReference() {
+    if (num_open_files < MaxOpenFiles || open_references.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Get and remove from list.
+    auto& reference = open_references.back();
+    this->RemoveReferenceFromList(reference);
 
-        cache.erase(kv.first);
+    // Close the file.
+    if (reference.file) {
+        reference.file.reset();
+        num_open_files--;
     }
 
-    return FS::RemoveDirRecursively(path);
+    // Reinsert into closed list.
+    this->InsertReferenceIntoList(reference);
+}
+
+void RealVfsFilesystem::InsertReferenceIntoList(FileReference& reference) {
+    if (reference.file) {
+        open_references.push_front(reference);
+    } else {
+        closed_references.push_front(reference);
+    }
+}
+
+void RealVfsFilesystem::RemoveReferenceFromList(FileReference& reference) {
+    if (reference.file) {
+        open_references.erase(open_references.iterator_to(reference));
+    } else {
+        closed_references.erase(closed_references.iterator_to(reference));
+    }
 }
 
-RealVfsFile::RealVfsFile(RealVfsFilesystem& base_, std::shared_ptr<FS::IOFile> backing_,
+RealVfsFile::RealVfsFile(RealVfsFilesystem& base_, std::unique_ptr<FileReference> reference_,
                          const std::string& path_, Mode perms_)
-    : base(base_), backing(std::move(backing_)), path(path_), parent_path(FS::GetParentPath(path_)),
-      path_components(FS::SplitPathComponents(path_)), perms(perms_) {}
+    : base(base_), reference(std::move(reference_)), path(path_),
+      parent_path(FS::GetParentPath(path_)), path_components(FS::SplitPathComponents(path_)),
+      perms(perms_) {}
 
-RealVfsFile::~RealVfsFile() = default;
+RealVfsFile::~RealVfsFile() {
+    base.DropReference(std::move(reference));
+}
 
 std::string RealVfsFile::GetName() const {
     return path_components.back();
 }
 
 std::size_t RealVfsFile::GetSize() const {
-    return backing->GetSize();
+    base.RefreshReference(path, perms, *reference);
+    return reference->file ? reference->file->GetSize() : 0;
 }
 
 bool RealVfsFile::Resize(std::size_t new_size) {
-    return backing->SetSize(new_size);
+    base.RefreshReference(path, perms, *reference);
+    return reference->file ? reference->file->SetSize(new_size) : false;
 }
 
 VirtualDir RealVfsFile::GetContainingDirectory() const {
@@ -276,27 +279,25 @@ bool RealVfsFile::IsReadable() const {
 }
 
 std::size_t RealVfsFile::Read(u8* data, std::size_t length, std::size_t offset) const {
-    if (!backing->Seek(static_cast<s64>(offset))) {
+    base.RefreshReference(path, perms, *reference);
+    if (!reference->file || !reference->file->Seek(static_cast<s64>(offset))) {
         return 0;
     }
-    return backing->ReadSpan(std::span{data, length});
+    return reference->file->ReadSpan(std::span{data, length});
 }
 
 std::size_t RealVfsFile::Write(const u8* data, std::size_t length, std::size_t offset) {
-    if (!backing->Seek(static_cast<s64>(offset))) {
+    base.RefreshReference(path, perms, *reference);
+    if (!reference->file || !reference->file->Seek(static_cast<s64>(offset))) {
         return 0;
     }
-    return backing->WriteSpan(std::span{data, length});
+    return reference->file->WriteSpan(std::span{data, length});
 }
 
 bool RealVfsFile::Rename(std::string_view name) {
     return base.MoveFile(path, parent_path + '/' + std::string(name)) != nullptr;
 }
 
-void RealVfsFile::Close() {
-    backing->Close();
-}
-
 // TODO(DarkLordZach): MSVC would not let me combine the following two functions using 'if
 // constexpr' because there is a compile error in the branch not used.
 
diff --git a/src/core/file_sys/vfs_real.h b/src/core/file_sys/vfs_real.h
index b92c84316..d8c900e33 100644
--- a/src/core/file_sys/vfs_real.h
+++ b/src/core/file_sys/vfs_real.h
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <map>
 #include <string_view>
-#include <boost/container/flat_map.hpp>
+#include "common/intrusive_list.h"
 #include "core/file_sys/mode.h"
 #include "core/file_sys/vfs.h"
 
@@ -14,6 +15,11 @@ class IOFile;
 
 namespace FileSys {
 
+struct FileReference : public Common::IntrusiveListBaseNode<FileReference> {
+    std::shared_ptr<Common::FS::IOFile> file{};
+};
+
+class RealVfsFile;
 class RealVfsFilesystem : public VfsFilesystem {
 public:
     RealVfsFilesystem();
@@ -35,7 +41,21 @@ public:
     bool DeleteDirectory(std::string_view path) override;
 
 private:
-    boost::container::flat_map<std::string, std::weak_ptr<Common::FS::IOFile>> cache;
+    using ReferenceListType = Common::IntrusiveListBaseTraits<FileReference>::ListType;
+    std::map<std::string, std::weak_ptr<VfsFile>, std::less<>> cache;
+    ReferenceListType open_references;
+    ReferenceListType closed_references;
+    size_t num_open_files{};
+
+private:
+    friend class RealVfsFile;
+    void RefreshReference(const std::string& path, Mode perms, FileReference& reference);
+    void DropReference(std::unique_ptr<FileReference>&& reference);
+    void EvictSingleReference();
+
+private:
+    void InsertReferenceIntoList(FileReference& reference);
+    void RemoveReferenceFromList(FileReference& reference);
 };
 
 // An implementation of VfsFile that represents a file on the user's computer.
@@ -57,13 +77,11 @@ public:
     bool Rename(std::string_view name) override;
 
 private:
-    RealVfsFile(RealVfsFilesystem& base, std::shared_ptr<Common::FS::IOFile> backing,
+    RealVfsFile(RealVfsFilesystem& base, std::unique_ptr<FileReference> reference,
                 const std::string& path, Mode perms = Mode::Read);
 
-    void Close();
-
     RealVfsFilesystem& base;
-    std::shared_ptr<Common::FS::IOFile> backing;
+    std::unique_ptr<FileReference> reference;
     std::string path;
     std::string parent_path;
     std::vector<std::string> path_components;
diff --git a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h
index 251a4a880..9bafd8cc0 100644
--- a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h
+++ b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ void BufferCache<P>::BindHostIndexBuffer() {
 
 template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::BindHostVertexBuffers() {
-    HostBindings host_bindings;
+    HostBindings<typename P::Buffer> host_bindings;
     bool any_valid{false};
     auto& flags = maxwell3d->dirty.flags;
     for (u32 index = 0; index < NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS; ++index) {
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ void BufferCache<P>::BindHostVertexBuffers() {
             const u32 stride = maxwell3d->regs.vertex_streams[index].stride;
             const u32 offset = buffer.Offset(binding.cpu_addr);
 
-            host_bindings.buffers.push_back(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&buffer));
+            host_bindings.buffers.push_back(&buffer);
             host_bindings.offsets.push_back(offset);
             host_bindings.sizes.push_back(binding.size);
             host_bindings.strides.push_back(stride);
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ void BufferCache<P>::BindHostTransformFeedbackBuffers() {
     if (maxwell3d->regs.transform_feedback_enabled == 0) {
         return;
     }
-    HostBindings host_bindings;
+    HostBindings<typename P::Buffer> host_bindings;
     for (u32 index = 0; index < NUM_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFERS; ++index) {
         const Binding& binding = channel_state->transform_feedback_buffers[index];
         if (maxwell3d->regs.transform_feedback.controls[index].varying_count == 0 &&
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ void BufferCache<P>::BindHostTransformFeedbackBuffers() {
         SynchronizeBuffer(buffer, binding.cpu_addr, size);
 
         const u32 offset = buffer.Offset(binding.cpu_addr);
-        host_bindings.buffers.push_back(reinterpret_cast<void*>(&buffer));
+        host_bindings.buffers.push_back(&buffer);
         host_bindings.offsets.push_back(offset);
         host_bindings.sizes.push_back(binding.size);
     }
diff --git a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h
index cf359e241..63a120f7a 100644
--- a/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h
+++ b/src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h
@@ -105,8 +105,9 @@ static constexpr Binding NULL_BINDING{
     .buffer_id = NULL_BUFFER_ID,
 };
 
+template <typename Buffer>
 struct HostBindings {
-    boost::container::small_vector<void*, NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS> buffers;
+    boost::container::small_vector<Buffer*, NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS> buffers;
     boost::container::small_vector<u64, NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS> offsets;
     boost::container::small_vector<u64, NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS> sizes;
     boost::container::small_vector<u64, NUM_VERTEX_BUFFERS> strides;
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.cpp
index 0cc546a3a..38d553d3c 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.cpp
@@ -232,12 +232,12 @@ void BufferCacheRuntime::BindVertexBuffer(u32 index, Buffer& buffer, u32 offset,
     }
 }
 
-void BufferCacheRuntime::BindVertexBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings& bindings) {
-    for (u32 index = 0; index < bindings.buffers.size(); index++) {
-        BindVertexBuffer(
-            bindings.min_index + index, *reinterpret_cast<Buffer*>(bindings.buffers[index]),
-            static_cast<u32>(bindings.offsets[index]), static_cast<u32>(bindings.sizes[index]),
-            static_cast<u32>(bindings.strides[index]));
+void BufferCacheRuntime::BindVertexBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings<Buffer>& bindings) {
+    for (u32 index = 0; index < bindings.buffers.size(); ++index) {
+        BindVertexBuffer(bindings.min_index + index, *bindings.buffers[index],
+                         static_cast<u32>(bindings.offsets[index]),
+                         static_cast<u32>(bindings.sizes[index]),
+                         static_cast<u32>(bindings.strides[index]));
     }
 }
 
@@ -329,10 +329,9 @@ void BufferCacheRuntime::BindTransformFeedbackBuffer(u32 index, Buffer& buffer,
                       static_cast<GLintptr>(offset), static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(size));
 }
 
-void BufferCacheRuntime::BindTransformFeedbackBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings& bindings) {
-    for (u32 index = 0; index < bindings.buffers.size(); index++) {
-        glBindBufferRange(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, index,
-                          reinterpret_cast<Buffer*>(bindings.buffers[index])->Handle(),
+void BufferCacheRuntime::BindTransformFeedbackBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings<Buffer>& bindings) {
+    for (u32 index = 0; index < bindings.buffers.size(); ++index) {
+        glBindBufferRange(GL_TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, index, bindings.buffers[index]->Handle(),
                           static_cast<GLintptr>(bindings.offsets[index]),
                           static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(bindings.sizes[index]));
     }
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h
index e4e000284..41b746f3b 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h
@@ -87,7 +87,8 @@ public:
     void BindIndexBuffer(Buffer& buffer, u32 offset, u32 size);
 
     void BindVertexBuffer(u32 index, Buffer& buffer, u32 offset, u32 size, u32 stride);
-    void BindVertexBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings& bindings);
+
+    void BindVertexBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings<Buffer>& bindings);
 
     void BindUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 binding_index, Buffer& buffer, u32 offset, u32 size);
 
@@ -100,7 +101,8 @@ public:
                                   bool is_written);
 
     void BindTransformFeedbackBuffer(u32 index, Buffer& buffer, u32 offset, u32 size);
-    void BindTransformFeedbackBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings& bindings);
+
+    void BindTransformFeedbackBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings<Buffer>& bindings);
 
     void BindTextureBuffer(Buffer& buffer, u32 offset, u32 size,
                            VideoCore::Surface::PixelFormat format);
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.cpp
index d72d99899..8c33722d3 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.cpp
@@ -501,11 +501,10 @@ void BufferCacheRuntime::BindVertexBuffer(u32 index, VkBuffer buffer, u32 offset
     }
 }
 
-void BufferCacheRuntime::BindVertexBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings& bindings) {
+void BufferCacheRuntime::BindVertexBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings<Buffer>& bindings) {
     boost::container::small_vector<VkBuffer, 32> buffer_handles;
-    for (u32 index = 0; index < bindings.buffers.size(); index++) {
-        auto& buffer = *reinterpret_cast<Buffer*>(bindings.buffers[index]);
-        auto handle = buffer.Handle();
+    for (u32 index = 0; index < bindings.buffers.size(); ++index) {
+        auto handle = bindings.buffers[index]->Handle();
         if (handle == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
             bindings.offsets[index] = 0;
             bindings.sizes[index] = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
@@ -521,16 +520,13 @@ void BufferCacheRuntime::BindVertexBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings& bindings)
                           buffer_handles = buffer_handles](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
             cmdbuf.BindVertexBuffers2EXT(
                 bindings.min_index, bindings.max_index - bindings.min_index, buffer_handles.data(),
-                reinterpret_cast<const VkDeviceSize*>(bindings.offsets.data()),
-                reinterpret_cast<const VkDeviceSize*>(bindings.sizes.data()),
-                reinterpret_cast<const VkDeviceSize*>(bindings.strides.data()));
+                bindings.offsets.data(), bindings.sizes.data(), bindings.strides.data());
         });
     } else {
         scheduler.Record([bindings = bindings,
                           buffer_handles = buffer_handles](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
-            cmdbuf.BindVertexBuffers(
-                bindings.min_index, bindings.max_index - bindings.min_index, buffer_handles.data(),
-                reinterpret_cast<const VkDeviceSize*>(bindings.offsets.data()));
+            cmdbuf.BindVertexBuffers(bindings.min_index, bindings.max_index - bindings.min_index,
+                                     buffer_handles.data(), bindings.offsets.data());
         });
     }
 }
@@ -556,22 +552,20 @@ void BufferCacheRuntime::BindTransformFeedbackBuffer(u32 index, VkBuffer buffer,
     });
 }
 
-void BufferCacheRuntime::BindTransformFeedbackBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings& bindings) {
+void BufferCacheRuntime::BindTransformFeedbackBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings<Buffer>& bindings) {
     if (!device.IsExtTransformFeedbackSupported()) {
         // Already logged in the rasterizer
         return;
     }
     boost::container::small_vector<VkBuffer, 4> buffer_handles;
-    for (u32 index = 0; index < bindings.buffers.size(); index++) {
-        auto& buffer = *reinterpret_cast<Buffer*>(bindings.buffers[index]);
-        buffer_handles.push_back(buffer.Handle());
+    for (u32 index = 0; index < bindings.buffers.size(); ++index) {
+        buffer_handles.push_back(bindings.buffers[index]->Handle());
     }
     scheduler.Record(
         [bindings = bindings, buffer_handles = buffer_handles](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
-            cmdbuf.BindTransformFeedbackBuffersEXT(
-                0, static_cast<u32>(buffer_handles.size()), buffer_handles.data(),
-                reinterpret_cast<const VkDeviceSize*>(bindings.offsets.data()),
-                reinterpret_cast<const VkDeviceSize*>(bindings.sizes.data()));
+            cmdbuf.BindTransformFeedbackBuffersEXT(0, static_cast<u32>(buffer_handles.size()),
+                                                   buffer_handles.data(), bindings.offsets.data(),
+                                                   bindings.sizes.data());
         });
 }
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.h b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.h
index 92d3e9f32..cdeef8846 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_buffer_cache.h
@@ -97,10 +97,12 @@ public:
     void BindQuadIndexBuffer(PrimitiveTopology topology, u32 first, u32 count);
 
     void BindVertexBuffer(u32 index, VkBuffer buffer, u32 offset, u32 size, u32 stride);
-    void BindVertexBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings& bindings);
+
+    void BindVertexBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings<Buffer>& bindings);
 
     void BindTransformFeedbackBuffer(u32 index, VkBuffer buffer, u32 offset, u32 size);
-    void BindTransformFeedbackBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings& bindings);
+
+    void BindTransformFeedbackBuffers(VideoCommon::HostBindings<Buffer>& bindings);
 
     std::span<u8> BindMappedUniformBuffer([[maybe_unused]] size_t stage,
                                           [[maybe_unused]] u32 binding_index, u32 size) {