14 files changed, 98 insertions, 86 deletions

diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index 54dca3302..71efbb40d 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -60,9 +60,14 @@ else()
         -Wmissing-declarations
         -Wno-attributes
         -Wno-unused-parameter
-        -fconcepts
     )
 
+    # TODO: Remove when we update to a GCC compiler that enables this
+    #       by default (i.e. GCC 10 or newer).
+    if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL GNU)
+        add_compile_options(-fconcepts)
+    endif()
+
     if (ARCHITECTURE_x86_64)
         add_compile_options("-mcx16")
     endif()
diff --git a/src/common/atomic_ops.cpp b/src/common/atomic_ops.cpp
index 1098e21ff..1612d0e67 100644
--- a/src/common/atomic_ops.cpp
+++ b/src/common/atomic_ops.cpp
@@ -14,50 +14,55 @@ namespace Common {
 
 #if _MSC_VER
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u8 volatile* pointer, u8 value, u8 expected) {
-    u8 result = _InterlockedCompareExchange8((char*)pointer, value, expected);
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u8* pointer, u8 value, u8 expected) {
+    const u8 result =
+        _InterlockedCompareExchange8(reinterpret_cast<volatile char*>(pointer), value, expected);
     return result == expected;
 }
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u16 volatile* pointer, u16 value, u16 expected) {
-    u16 result = _InterlockedCompareExchange16((short*)pointer, value, expected);
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u16* pointer, u16 value, u16 expected) {
+    const u16 result =
+        _InterlockedCompareExchange16(reinterpret_cast<volatile short*>(pointer), value, expected);
     return result == expected;
 }
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u32 volatile* pointer, u32 value, u32 expected) {
-    u32 result = _InterlockedCompareExchange((long*)pointer, value, expected);
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u32* pointer, u32 value, u32 expected) {
+    const u32 result =
+        _InterlockedCompareExchange(reinterpret_cast<volatile long*>(pointer), value, expected);
     return result == expected;
 }
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u64 volatile* pointer, u64 value, u64 expected) {
-    u64 result = _InterlockedCompareExchange64((__int64*)pointer, value, expected);
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u64* pointer, u64 value, u64 expected) {
+    const u64 result = _InterlockedCompareExchange64(reinterpret_cast<volatile __int64*>(pointer),
+                                                     value, expected);
     return result == expected;
 }
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u64 volatile* pointer, u128 value, u128 expected) {
-    return _InterlockedCompareExchange128((__int64*)pointer, value[1], value[0],
-                                          (__int64*)expected.data()) != 0;
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u64* pointer, u128 value, u128 expected) {
+    return _InterlockedCompareExchange128(reinterpret_cast<volatile __int64*>(pointer), value[1],
+                                          value[0],
+                                          reinterpret_cast<__int64*>(expected.data())) != 0;
 }
 
 #else
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u8 volatile* pointer, u8 value, u8 expected) {
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u8* pointer, u8 value, u8 expected) {
     return __sync_bool_compare_and_swap(pointer, expected, value);
 }
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u16 volatile* pointer, u16 value, u16 expected) {
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u16* pointer, u16 value, u16 expected) {
     return __sync_bool_compare_and_swap(pointer, expected, value);
 }
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u32 volatile* pointer, u32 value, u32 expected) {
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u32* pointer, u32 value, u32 expected) {
     return __sync_bool_compare_and_swap(pointer, expected, value);
 }
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u64 volatile* pointer, u64 value, u64 expected) {
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u64* pointer, u64 value, u64 expected) {
     return __sync_bool_compare_and_swap(pointer, expected, value);
 }
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u64 volatile* pointer, u128 value, u128 expected) {
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u64* pointer, u128 value, u128 expected) {
     unsigned __int128 value_a;
     unsigned __int128 expected_a;
     std::memcpy(&value_a, value.data(), sizeof(u128));
diff --git a/src/common/atomic_ops.h b/src/common/atomic_ops.h
index e6181d521..8d6b73c00 100644
--- a/src/common/atomic_ops.h
+++ b/src/common/atomic_ops.h
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 
 namespace Common {
 
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u8 volatile* pointer, u8 value, u8 expected);
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u16 volatile* pointer, u16 value, u16 expected);
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u32 volatile* pointer, u32 value, u32 expected);
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u64 volatile* pointer, u64 value, u64 expected);
-bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(u64 volatile* pointer, u128 value, u128 expected);
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u8* pointer, u8 value, u8 expected);
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u16* pointer, u16 value, u16 expected);
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u32* pointer, u32 value, u32 expected);
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u64* pointer, u64 value, u64 expected);
+bool AtomicCompareAndSwap(volatile u64* pointer, u128 value, u128 expected);
 
 } // namespace Common
diff --git a/src/common/logging/backend.cpp b/src/common/logging/backend.cpp
index 04bc3128f..62cfde397 100644
--- a/src/common/logging/backend.cpp
+++ b/src/common/logging/backend.cpp
@@ -113,19 +113,19 @@ private:
     Entry CreateEntry(Class log_class, Level log_level, const char* filename, unsigned int line_nr,
                       const char* function, std::string message) const {
         using std::chrono::duration_cast;
+        using std::chrono::microseconds;
         using std::chrono::steady_clock;
 
-        Entry entry;
-        entry.timestamp =
-            duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(steady_clock::now() - time_origin);
-        entry.log_class = log_class;
-        entry.log_level = log_level;
-        entry.filename = filename;
-        entry.line_num = line_nr;
-        entry.function = function;
-        entry.message = std::move(message);
-
-        return entry;
+        return {
+            .timestamp = duration_cast<microseconds>(steady_clock::now() - time_origin),
+            .log_class = log_class,
+            .log_level = log_level,
+            .filename = filename,
+            .line_num = line_nr,
+            .function = function,
+            .message = std::move(message),
+            .final_entry = false,
+        };
     }
 
     std::mutex writing_mutex;
diff --git a/src/common/logging/backend.h b/src/common/logging/backend.h
index fc338c70d..e5d702568 100644
--- a/src/common/logging/backend.h
+++ b/src/common/logging/backend.h
@@ -21,19 +21,13 @@ class Filter;
  */
 struct Entry {
     std::chrono::microseconds timestamp;
-    Class log_class;
-    Level log_level;
-    const char* filename;
-    unsigned int line_num;
+    Class log_class{};
+    Level log_level{};
+    const char* filename = nullptr;
+    unsigned int line_num = 0;
     std::string function;
     std::string message;
     bool final_entry = false;
-
-    Entry() = default;
-    Entry(Entry&& o) = default;
-
-    Entry& operator=(Entry&& o) = default;
-    Entry& operator=(const Entry& o) = default;
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/core/crypto/aes_util.cpp b/src/core/crypto/aes_util.cpp
index 4be76bb43..330996b24 100644
--- a/src/core/crypto/aes_util.cpp
+++ b/src/core/crypto/aes_util.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
 // Refer to the license.txt file included.
 
+#include <array>
 #include <mbedtls/cipher.h>
 #include "common/assert.h"
 #include "common/logging/log.h"
@@ -10,8 +11,10 @@
 
 namespace Core::Crypto {
 namespace {
-std::vector<u8> CalculateNintendoTweak(std::size_t sector_id) {
-    std::vector<u8> out(0x10);
+using NintendoTweak = std::array<u8, 16>;
+
+NintendoTweak CalculateNintendoTweak(std::size_t sector_id) {
+    NintendoTweak out{};
     for (std::size_t i = 0xF; i <= 0xF; --i) {
         out[i] = sector_id & 0xFF;
         sector_id >>= 8;
@@ -64,13 +67,6 @@ AESCipher<Key, KeySize>::~AESCipher() {
 }
 
 template <typename Key, std::size_t KeySize>
-void AESCipher<Key, KeySize>::SetIV(std::vector<u8> iv) {
-    ASSERT_MSG((mbedtls_cipher_set_iv(&ctx->encryption_context, iv.data(), iv.size()) ||
-                mbedtls_cipher_set_iv(&ctx->decryption_context, iv.data(), iv.size())) == 0,
-               "Failed to set IV on mbedtls ciphers.");
-}
-
-template <typename Key, std::size_t KeySize>
 void AESCipher<Key, KeySize>::Transcode(const u8* src, std::size_t size, u8* dest, Op op) const {
     auto* const context = op == Op::Encrypt ? &ctx->encryption_context : &ctx->decryption_context;
 
@@ -124,6 +120,13 @@ void AESCipher<Key, KeySize>::XTSTranscode(const u8* src, std::size_t size, u8*
     }
 }
 
+template <typename Key, std::size_t KeySize>
+void AESCipher<Key, KeySize>::SetIVImpl(const u8* data, std::size_t size) {
+    ASSERT_MSG((mbedtls_cipher_set_iv(&ctx->encryption_context, data, size) ||
+                mbedtls_cipher_set_iv(&ctx->decryption_context, data, size)) == 0,
+               "Failed to set IV on mbedtls ciphers.");
+}
+
 template class AESCipher<Key128>;
 template class AESCipher<Key256>;
 } // namespace Core::Crypto
diff --git a/src/core/crypto/aes_util.h b/src/core/crypto/aes_util.h
index edc4ab910..e2a304186 100644
--- a/src/core/crypto/aes_util.h
+++ b/src/core/crypto/aes_util.h
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <type_traits>
-#include <vector>
 #include "common/common_types.h"
 #include "core/file_sys/vfs.h"
 
@@ -32,10 +31,12 @@ class AESCipher {
 
 public:
     AESCipher(Key key, Mode mode);
-
     ~AESCipher();
 
-    void SetIV(std::vector<u8> iv);
+    template <typename ContiguousContainer>
+    void SetIV(const ContiguousContainer& container) {
+        SetIVImpl(std::data(container), std::size(container));
+    }
 
     template <typename Source, typename Dest>
     void Transcode(const Source* src, std::size_t size, Dest* dest, Op op) const {
@@ -59,6 +60,8 @@ public:
                       std::size_t sector_size, Op op);
 
 private:
+    void SetIVImpl(const u8* data, std::size_t size);
+
     std::unique_ptr<CipherContext> ctx;
 };
 } // namespace Core::Crypto
diff --git a/src/core/crypto/ctr_encryption_layer.cpp b/src/core/crypto/ctr_encryption_layer.cpp
index 902841c77..5c84bb0a4 100644
--- a/src/core/crypto/ctr_encryption_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/core/crypto/ctr_encryption_layer.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
 // Refer to the license.txt file included.
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cstring>
 #include "common/assert.h"
 #include "core/crypto/ctr_encryption_layer.h"
@@ -10,8 +11,7 @@ namespace Core::Crypto {
 
 CTREncryptionLayer::CTREncryptionLayer(FileSys::VirtualFile base_, Key128 key_,
                                        std::size_t base_offset)
-    : EncryptionLayer(std::move(base_)), base_offset(base_offset), cipher(key_, Mode::CTR),
-      iv(16, 0) {}
+    : EncryptionLayer(std::move(base_)), base_offset(base_offset), cipher(key_, Mode::CTR) {}
 
 std::size_t CTREncryptionLayer::Read(u8* data, std::size_t length, std::size_t offset) const {
     if (length == 0)
@@ -39,9 +39,8 @@ std::size_t CTREncryptionLayer::Read(u8* data, std::size_t length, std::size_t o
     return read + Read(data + read, length - read, offset + read);
 }
 
-void CTREncryptionLayer::SetIV(const std::vector<u8>& iv_) {
-    const auto length = std::min(iv_.size(), iv.size());
-    iv.assign(iv_.cbegin(), iv_.cbegin() + length);
+void CTREncryptionLayer::SetIV(const IVData& iv_) {
+    iv = iv_;
 }
 
 void CTREncryptionLayer::UpdateIV(std::size_t offset) const {
diff --git a/src/core/crypto/ctr_encryption_layer.h b/src/core/crypto/ctr_encryption_layer.h
index a7bf810f4..a2429f001 100644
--- a/src/core/crypto/ctr_encryption_layer.h
+++ b/src/core/crypto/ctr_encryption_layer.h
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <vector>
+#include <array>
+
 #include "core/crypto/aes_util.h"
 #include "core/crypto/encryption_layer.h"
 #include "core/crypto/key_manager.h"
@@ -14,18 +15,20 @@ namespace Core::Crypto {
 // Sits on top of a VirtualFile and provides CTR-mode AES decription.
 class CTREncryptionLayer : public EncryptionLayer {
 public:
+    using IVData = std::array<u8, 16>;
+
     CTREncryptionLayer(FileSys::VirtualFile base, Key128 key, std::size_t base_offset);
 
     std::size_t Read(u8* data, std::size_t length, std::size_t offset) const override;
 
-    void SetIV(const std::vector<u8>& iv);
+    void SetIV(const IVData& iv);
 
 private:
     std::size_t base_offset;
 
     // Must be mutable as operations modify cipher contexts.
     mutable AESCipher<Key128> cipher;
-    mutable std::vector<u8> iv;
+    mutable IVData iv{};
 
     void UpdateIV(std::size_t offset) const;
 };
diff --git a/src/core/crypto/partition_data_manager.cpp b/src/core/crypto/partition_data_manager.cpp
index 7ed71ac3a..b31a81560 100644
--- a/src/core/crypto/partition_data_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/core/crypto/partition_data_manager.cpp
@@ -346,10 +346,9 @@ FileSys::VirtualFile PartitionDataManager::GetPackage2Raw(Package2Type type) con
 }
 
 static bool AttemptDecrypt(const std::array<u8, 16>& key, Package2Header& header) {
-    const std::vector<u8> iv(header.header_ctr.begin(), header.header_ctr.end());
     Package2Header temp = header;
     AESCipher<Key128> cipher(key, Mode::CTR);
-    cipher.SetIV(iv);
+    cipher.SetIV(header.header_ctr);
     cipher.Transcode(&temp.header_ctr, sizeof(Package2Header) - 0x100, &temp.header_ctr,
                      Op::Decrypt);
     if (temp.magic == Common::MakeMagic('P', 'K', '2', '1')) {
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ void PartitionDataManager::DecryptPackage2(const std::array<Key128, 0x20>& packa
     auto c = a->ReadAllBytes();
 
     AESCipher<Key128> cipher(package2_keys[revision], Mode::CTR);
-    cipher.SetIV({header.section_ctr[1].begin(), header.section_ctr[1].end()});
+    cipher.SetIV(header.section_ctr[1]);
     cipher.Transcode(c.data(), c.size(), c.data(), Op::Decrypt);
 
     const auto ini_file = std::make_shared<FileSys::VectorVfsFile>(c);
diff --git a/src/core/file_sys/content_archive.cpp b/src/core/file_sys/content_archive.cpp
index 473245d5a..5039341c7 100644
--- a/src/core/file_sys/content_archive.cpp
+++ b/src/core/file_sys/content_archive.cpp
@@ -495,9 +495,10 @@ VirtualFile NCA::Decrypt(const NCASectionHeader& s_header, VirtualFile in, u64 s
 
             auto out = std::make_shared<Core::Crypto::CTREncryptionLayer>(std::move(in), *key,
                                                                           starting_offset);
-            std::vector<u8> iv(16);
-            for (u8 i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
-                iv[i] = s_header.raw.section_ctr[0x8 - i - 1];
+            Core::Crypto::CTREncryptionLayer::IVData iv{};
+            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+                iv[i] = s_header.raw.section_ctr[8 - i - 1];
+            }
             out->SetIV(iv);
             return std::static_pointer_cast<VfsFile>(out);
         }
diff --git a/src/core/file_sys/nca_patch.cpp b/src/core/file_sys/nca_patch.cpp
index 0090cc6c4..fe7375e84 100644
--- a/src/core/file_sys/nca_patch.cpp
+++ b/src/core/file_sys/nca_patch.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // Refer to the license.txt file included.
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstring>
 
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ std::size_t BKTR::Read(u8* data, std::size_t length, std::size_t offset) const {
     Core::Crypto::AESCipher<Core::Crypto::Key128> cipher(key, Core::Crypto::Mode::CTR);
 
     // Calculate AES IV
-    std::vector<u8> iv(16);
+    std::array<u8, 16> iv{};
     auto subsection_ctr = subsection.ctr;
     auto offset_iv = section_offset + base_offset;
     for (std::size_t i = 0; i < section_ctr.size(); ++i)
diff --git a/src/core/hle/service/nvflinger/buffer_queue.cpp b/src/core/hle/service/nvflinger/buffer_queue.cpp
index caca80dde..637b310d7 100644
--- a/src/core/hle/service/nvflinger/buffer_queue.cpp
+++ b/src/core/hle/service/nvflinger/buffer_queue.cpp
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ BufferQueue::~BufferQueue() = default;
 void BufferQueue::SetPreallocatedBuffer(u32 slot, const IGBPBuffer& igbp_buffer) {
     LOG_WARNING(Service, "Adding graphics buffer {}", slot);
 
-    Buffer buffer{};
-    buffer.slot = slot;
-    buffer.igbp_buffer = igbp_buffer;
-    buffer.status = Buffer::Status::Free;
     free_buffers.push_back(slot);
+    queue.push_back({
+        .slot = slot,
+        .status = Buffer::Status::Free,
+        .igbp_buffer = igbp_buffer,
+    });
 
-    queue.emplace_back(buffer);
     buffer_wait_event.writable->Signal();
 }
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ std::optional<std::pair<u32, Service::Nvidia::MultiFence*>> BufferQueue::Dequeue
                                                                                        u32 height) {
 
     if (free_buffers.empty()) {
-        return {};
+        return std::nullopt;
     }
 
     auto f_itr = free_buffers.begin();
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ std::optional<std::pair<u32, Service::Nvidia::MultiFence*>> BufferQueue::Dequeue
     }
 
     if (itr == queue.end()) {
-        return {};
+        return std::nullopt;
     }
 
     itr->status = Buffer::Status::Dequeued;
@@ -103,14 +103,15 @@ std::optional<std::reference_wrapper<const BufferQueue::Buffer>> BufferQueue::Ac
     auto itr = queue.end();
     // Iterate to find a queued buffer matching the requested slot.
     while (itr == queue.end() && !queue_sequence.empty()) {
-        u32 slot = queue_sequence.front();
+        const u32 slot = queue_sequence.front();
         itr = std::find_if(queue.begin(), queue.end(), [&slot](const Buffer& buffer) {
             return buffer.status == Buffer::Status::Queued && buffer.slot == slot;
         });
         queue_sequence.pop_front();
     }
-    if (itr == queue.end())
-        return {};
+    if (itr == queue.end()) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
     itr->status = Buffer::Status::Acquired;
     return *itr;
 }
diff --git a/src/core/memory.cpp b/src/core/memory.cpp
index 2c5588933..86d17c6cb 100644
--- a/src/core/memory.cpp
+++ b/src/core/memory.cpp
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ struct Memory::Impl {
         u8* page_pointer = current_page_table->pointers[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
         if (page_pointer != nullptr) {
             // NOTE: Avoid adding any extra logic to this fast-path block
-            T volatile* pointer = reinterpret_cast<T volatile*>(&page_pointer[vaddr]);
+            auto* pointer = reinterpret_cast<volatile T*>(&page_pointer[vaddr]);
             return Common::AtomicCompareAndSwap(pointer, data, expected);
         }
 
@@ -720,9 +720,8 @@ struct Memory::Impl {
         case Common::PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory: {
             u8* host_ptr{GetPointerFromRasterizerCachedMemory(vaddr)};
             system.GPU().InvalidateRegion(vaddr, sizeof(T));
-            T volatile* pointer = reinterpret_cast<T volatile*>(&host_ptr);
+            auto* pointer = reinterpret_cast<volatile T*>(&host_ptr);
             return Common::AtomicCompareAndSwap(pointer, data, expected);
-            break;
         }
         default:
             UNREACHABLE();
@@ -734,7 +733,7 @@ struct Memory::Impl {
         u8* const page_pointer = current_page_table->pointers[vaddr >> PAGE_BITS];
         if (page_pointer != nullptr) {
             // NOTE: Avoid adding any extra logic to this fast-path block
-            u64 volatile* pointer = reinterpret_cast<u64 volatile*>(&page_pointer[vaddr]);
+            auto* pointer = reinterpret_cast<volatile u64*>(&page_pointer[vaddr]);
             return Common::AtomicCompareAndSwap(pointer, data, expected);
         }
 
@@ -750,9 +749,8 @@ struct Memory::Impl {
         case Common::PageType::RasterizerCachedMemory: {
             u8* host_ptr{GetPointerFromRasterizerCachedMemory(vaddr)};
             system.GPU().InvalidateRegion(vaddr, sizeof(u128));
-            u64 volatile* pointer = reinterpret_cast<u64 volatile*>(&host_ptr);
+            auto* pointer = reinterpret_cast<volatile u64*>(&host_ptr);
             return Common::AtomicCompareAndSwap(pointer, data, expected);
-            break;
         }
         default:
             UNREACHABLE();