5 files changed, 302 insertions, 96 deletions

diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/declarations.h b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/declarations.h
index 323bf6b39..89a035ca4 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/declarations.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/declarations.h
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ using UniqueFence = UniqueHandle<vk::Fence>;
 using UniqueFramebuffer = UniqueHandle<vk::Framebuffer>;
 using UniqueImage = UniqueHandle<vk::Image>;
 using UniqueImageView = UniqueHandle<vk::ImageView>;
+using UniqueInstance = UniqueHandle<vk::Instance>;
 using UniqueIndirectCommandsLayoutNVX = UniqueHandle<vk::IndirectCommandsLayoutNVX>;
 using UniqueObjectTableNVX = UniqueHandle<vk::ObjectTableNVX>;
 using UniquePipeline = UniqueHandle<vk::Pipeline>;
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ using UniqueSampler = UniqueHandle<vk::Sampler>;
 using UniqueSamplerYcbcrConversion = UniqueHandle<vk::SamplerYcbcrConversion>;
 using UniqueSemaphore = UniqueHandle<vk::Semaphore>;
 using UniqueShaderModule = UniqueHandle<vk::ShaderModule>;
+using UniqueSurfaceKHR = UniqueHandle<vk::SurfaceKHR>;
 using UniqueSwapchainKHR = UniqueHandle<vk::SwapchainKHR>;
 using UniqueValidationCacheEXT = UniqueHandle<vk::ValidationCacheEXT>;
 using UniqueDebugReportCallbackEXT = UniqueHandle<vk::DebugReportCallbackEXT>;
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp
index 6953aaafe..9cdb4b627 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp
@@ -2,13 +2,18 @@
 // Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
 // Refer to the license.txt file included.
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
+#include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <fmt/format.h>
 
 #include "common/assert.h"
+#include "common/dynamic_library.h"
 #include "common/logging/log.h"
 #include "common/telemetry.h"
 #include "core/core.h"
@@ -30,15 +35,30 @@
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_state_tracker.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_swapchain.h"
 
+// Include these late to avoid changing Vulkan-Hpp's dynamic dispatcher size
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+// ensure include order
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_win32.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+#include <X11/Xlib.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_wayland.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_xlib.h>
+#endif
+
 namespace Vulkan {
 
 namespace {
 
+using Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType;
+
 VkBool32 DebugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity_,
                        VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type,
                        const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* data,
                        [[maybe_unused]] void* user_data) {
-    const vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity{severity_};
+    const auto severity{static_cast<vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT>(severity_)};
     const char* message{data->pMessage};
 
     if (severity & vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError) {
@@ -53,6 +73,110 @@ VkBool32 DebugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity_,
     return VK_FALSE;
 }
 
+Common::DynamicLibrary OpenVulkanLibrary() {
+    Common::DynamicLibrary library;
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+    // Check if a path to a specific Vulkan library has been specified.
+    char* libvulkan_env = getenv("LIBVULKAN_PATH");
+    if (!libvulkan_env || !library.Open(libvulkan_env)) {
+        // Use the libvulkan.dylib from the application bundle.
+        std::string filename = File::GetBundleDirectory() + "/Contents/Frameworks/libvulkan.dylib";
+        library.Open(filename.c_str());
+    }
+#else
+    std::string filename = Common::DynamicLibrary::GetVersionedFilename("vulkan", 1);
+    if (!library.Open(filename.c_str())) {
+        // Android devices may not have libvulkan.so.1, only libvulkan.so.
+        filename = Common::DynamicLibrary::GetVersionedFilename("vulkan");
+        library.Open(filename.c_str());
+    }
+#endif
+    return library;
+}
+
+UniqueInstance CreateInstance(Common::DynamicLibrary& library, vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dld,
+                              WindowSystemType window_type = WindowSystemType::Headless,
+                              bool enable_layers = false) {
+    if (!library.IsOpen()) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Vulkan library not available");
+        return UniqueInstance{};
+    }
+    PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr vkGetInstanceProcAddr;
+    if (!library.GetSymbol("vkGetInstanceProcAddr", &vkGetInstanceProcAddr)) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "vkGetInstanceProcAddr not present in Vulkan");
+        return UniqueInstance{};
+    }
+    dld.init(vkGetInstanceProcAddr);
+
+    std::vector<const char*> extensions;
+    extensions.reserve(4);
+    switch (window_type) {
+    case Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Headless:
+        break;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    case Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Windows:
+        extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        break;
+#endif
+#ifdef __linux__
+    case Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::X11:
+        extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        break;
+    case Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Wayland:
+        extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        break;
+#endif
+    default:
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Presentation not supported on this platform");
+        break;
+    }
+    if (window_type != Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Headless) {
+        extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+    }
+    if (enable_layers) {
+        extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
+    }
+
+    u32 num_properties;
+    if (vk::enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &num_properties, nullptr, dld) !=
+        vk::Result::eSuccess) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to query number of extension properties");
+        return UniqueInstance{};
+    }
+    std::vector<vk::ExtensionProperties> properties(num_properties);
+    if (vk::enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &num_properties, properties.data(),
+                                                 dld) != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to query extension properties");
+        return UniqueInstance{};
+    }
+
+    for (const char* extension : extensions) {
+        const auto it =
+            std::find_if(properties.begin(), properties.end(), [extension](const auto& prop) {
+                return !std::strcmp(extension, prop.extensionName);
+            });
+        if (it == properties.end()) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Required instance extension {} is not available", extension);
+            return UniqueInstance{};
+        }
+    }
+
+    const vk::ApplicationInfo application_info("yuzu Emulator", VK_MAKE_VERSION(0, 1, 0),
+                                               "yuzu Emulator", VK_MAKE_VERSION(0, 1, 0),
+                                               VK_API_VERSION_1_1);
+    const std::array layers = {"VK_LAYER_LUNARG_standard_validation"};
+    const vk::InstanceCreateInfo instance_ci(
+        {}, &application_info, enable_layers ? static_cast<u32>(layers.size()) : 0, layers.data(),
+        static_cast<u32>(extensions.size()), extensions.data());
+    vk::Instance unsafe_instance;
+    if (vk::createInstance(&instance_ci, nullptr, &unsafe_instance, dld) != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to create Vulkan instance");
+        return UniqueInstance{};
+    }
+    dld.init(unsafe_instance);
+    return UniqueInstance(unsafe_instance, {nullptr, dld});
+}
+
 std::string GetReadableVersion(u32 version) {
     return fmt::format("{}.{}.{}", VK_VERSION_MAJOR(version), VK_VERSION_MINOR(version),
                        VK_VERSION_PATCH(version));
@@ -147,27 +271,12 @@ bool RendererVulkan::TryPresent(int /*timeout_ms*/) {
 }
 
 bool RendererVulkan::Init() {
-    PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr vkGetInstanceProcAddr{};
-    render_window.RetrieveVulkanHandlers(&vkGetInstanceProcAddr, &instance, &surface);
-    const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic dldi(instance, vkGetInstanceProcAddr);
-
-    std::optional<vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT> callback;
-    if (Settings::values.renderer_debug && dldi.vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) {
-        callback = CreateDebugCallback(dldi);
-        if (!callback) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!PickDevices(dldi)) {
-        if (callback) {
-            instance.destroy(*callback, nullptr, dldi);
-        }
+    library = OpenVulkanLibrary();
+    instance = CreateInstance(library, dld, render_window.GetWindowInfo().type,
+                              Settings::values.renderer_debug);
+    if (!instance || !CreateDebugCallback() || !CreateSurface() || !PickDevices()) {
         return false;
     }
-    debug_callback = UniqueDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(
-        *callback, vk::ObjectDestroy<vk::Instance, vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic>(
-                       instance, nullptr, device->GetDispatchLoader()));
 
     Report();
 
@@ -176,7 +285,7 @@ bool RendererVulkan::Init() {
     resource_manager = std::make_unique<VKResourceManager>(*device);
 
     const auto& framebuffer = render_window.GetFramebufferLayout();
-    swapchain = std::make_unique<VKSwapchain>(surface, *device);
+    swapchain = std::make_unique<VKSwapchain>(*surface, *device);
     swapchain->Create(framebuffer.width, framebuffer.height, false);
 
     state_tracker = std::make_unique<StateTracker>(system);
@@ -213,8 +322,10 @@ void RendererVulkan::ShutDown() {
     device.reset();
 }
 
-std::optional<vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT> RendererVulkan::CreateDebugCallback(
-    const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi) {
+bool RendererVulkan::CreateDebugCallback() {
+    if (!Settings::values.renderer_debug) {
+        return true;
+    }
     const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT callback_ci(
         {},
         vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError |
@@ -225,32 +336,88 @@ std::optional<vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT> RendererVulkan::CreateDebugCallback(
             vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::eValidation |
             vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::ePerformance,
         &DebugCallback, nullptr);
-    vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT callback;
-    if (instance.createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(&callback_ci, nullptr, &callback, dldi) !=
+    vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT unsafe_callback;
+    if (instance->createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(&callback_ci, nullptr, &unsafe_callback, dld) !=
         vk::Result::eSuccess) {
         LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to create debug callback");
-        return {};
+        return false;
+    }
+    debug_callback = UniqueDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(unsafe_callback, {*instance, nullptr, dld});
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool RendererVulkan::CreateSurface() {
+    [[maybe_unused]] const auto& window_info = render_window.GetWindowInfo();
+    VkSurfaceKHR unsafe_surface = nullptr;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    if (window_info.type == Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Windows) {
+        const HWND hWnd = static_cast<HWND>(window_info.render_surface);
+        const VkWin32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR win32_ci{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WIN32_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
+                                                   nullptr, 0, nullptr, hWnd};
+        const auto vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR>(
+            dld.vkGetInstanceProcAddr(*instance, "vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR"));
+        if (!vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR || vkCreateWin32SurfaceKHR(instance.get(), &win32_ci, nullptr,
+                                                                &unsafe_surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to initialize Win32 surface");
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef __linux__
+    if (window_info.type == Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::X11) {
+        const VkXlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR xlib_ci{
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_XLIB_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR, nullptr, 0,
+            static_cast<Display*>(window_info.display_connection),
+            reinterpret_cast<Window>(window_info.render_surface)};
+        const auto vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR>(
+            dld.vkGetInstanceProcAddr(*instance, "vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR"));
+        if (!vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR || vkCreateXlibSurfaceKHR(instance.get(), &xlib_ci, nullptr,
+                                                              &unsafe_surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to initialize Xlib surface");
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    if (window_info.type == Core::Frontend::WindowSystemType::Wayland) {
+        const VkWaylandSurfaceCreateInfoKHR wayland_ci{
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WAYLAND_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR, nullptr, 0,
+            static_cast<wl_display*>(window_info.display_connection),
+            static_cast<wl_surface*>(window_info.render_surface)};
+        const auto vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR = reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR>(
+            dld.vkGetInstanceProcAddr(*instance, "vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR"));
+        if (!vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR ||
+            vkCreateWaylandSurfaceKHR(instance.get(), &wayland_ci, nullptr, &unsafe_surface) !=
+                VK_SUCCESS) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Failed to initialize Wayland surface");
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    if (!unsafe_surface) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Presentation not supported on this platform");
+        return false;
     }
-    return callback;
+
+    surface = UniqueSurfaceKHR(unsafe_surface, {*instance, nullptr, dld});
+    return true;
 }
 
-bool RendererVulkan::PickDevices(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi) {
-    const auto devices = instance.enumeratePhysicalDevices(dldi);
+bool RendererVulkan::PickDevices() {
+    const auto devices = instance->enumeratePhysicalDevices(dld);
 
-    // TODO(Rodrigo): Choose device from config file
     const s32 device_index = Settings::values.vulkan_device;
     if (device_index < 0 || device_index >= static_cast<s32>(devices.size())) {
         LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Invalid device index {}!", device_index);
         return false;
     }
-    const vk::PhysicalDevice physical_device = devices[device_index];
+    const vk::PhysicalDevice physical_device = devices[static_cast<std::size_t>(device_index)];
 
-    if (!VKDevice::IsSuitable(dldi, physical_device, surface)) {
+    if (!VKDevice::IsSuitable(physical_device, *surface, dld)) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    device = std::make_unique<VKDevice>(dldi, physical_device, surface);
-    return device->Create(dldi, instance);
+    device = std::make_unique<VKDevice>(dld, physical_device, *surface);
+    return device->Create(*instance);
 }
 
 void RendererVulkan::Report() const {
@@ -276,4 +443,33 @@ void RendererVulkan::Report() const {
     telemetry_session.AddField(field, "GPU_Vulkan_Extensions", extensions);
 }
 
+std::vector<std::string> RendererVulkan::EnumerateDevices() {
+    // Avoid putting DispatchLoaderDynamic, it's too large
+    auto dld_memory = std::make_unique<vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic>();
+    auto& dld = *dld_memory;
+
+    Common::DynamicLibrary library = OpenVulkanLibrary();
+    UniqueInstance instance = CreateInstance(library, dld);
+    if (!instance) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    u32 num_devices;
+    if (instance->enumeratePhysicalDevices(&num_devices, nullptr, dld) != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    std::vector<vk::PhysicalDevice> devices(num_devices);
+    if (instance->enumeratePhysicalDevices(&num_devices, devices.data(), dld) !=
+        vk::Result::eSuccess) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> names;
+    names.reserve(num_devices);
+    for (auto& device : devices) {
+        names.push_back(device.getProperties(dld).deviceName);
+    }
+    return names;
+}
+
 } // namespace Vulkan
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h
index d14384e79..42e253de5 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h
@@ -6,8 +6,11 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
+#include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "common/dynamic_library.h"
+
 #include "video_core/renderer_base.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/declarations.h"
 
@@ -44,18 +47,24 @@ public:
     void SwapBuffers(const Tegra::FramebufferConfig* framebuffer) override;
     bool TryPresent(int timeout_ms) override;
 
+    static std::vector<std::string> EnumerateDevices();
+
 private:
-    std::optional<vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT> CreateDebugCallback(
-        const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi);
+    bool CreateDebugCallback();
 
-    bool PickDevices(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi);
+    bool CreateSurface();
+
+    bool PickDevices();
 
     void Report() const;
 
     Core::System& system;
 
-    vk::Instance instance;
-    vk::SurfaceKHR surface;
+    Common::DynamicLibrary library;
+    vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic dld;
+
+    UniqueInstance instance;
+    UniqueSurfaceKHR surface;
 
     VKScreenInfo screen_info;
 
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_device.cpp b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_device.cpp
index 7aafb5e59..6f4ae9132 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_device.cpp
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_device.cpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <string_view>
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
+
 #include "common/assert.h"
 #include "core/settings.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/declarations.h"
@@ -35,20 +36,20 @@ void SetNext(void**& next, T& data) {
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-T GetFeatures(vk::PhysicalDevice physical, const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi) {
+T GetFeatures(vk::PhysicalDevice physical, const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dld) {
     vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2 features;
     T extension_features;
     features.pNext = &extension_features;
-    physical.getFeatures2(&features, dldi);
+    physical.getFeatures2(&features, dld);
     return extension_features;
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-T GetProperties(vk::PhysicalDevice physical, const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi) {
+T GetProperties(vk::PhysicalDevice physical, const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dld) {
     vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties2 properties;
     T extension_properties;
     properties.pNext = &extension_properties;
-    physical.getProperties2(&properties, dldi);
+    physical.getProperties2(&properties, dld);
     return extension_properties;
 }
 
@@ -78,19 +79,19 @@ vk::FormatFeatureFlags GetFormatFeatures(vk::FormatProperties properties, Format
 
 } // Anonymous namespace
 
-VKDevice::VKDevice(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDevice physical,
+VKDevice::VKDevice(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dld, vk::PhysicalDevice physical,
                    vk::SurfaceKHR surface)
-    : physical{physical}, properties{physical.getProperties(dldi)},
-      format_properties{GetFormatProperties(dldi, physical)} {
-    SetupFamilies(dldi, surface);
-    SetupFeatures(dldi);
+    : dld{dld}, physical{physical}, properties{physical.getProperties(dld)},
+      format_properties{GetFormatProperties(dld, physical)} {
+    SetupFamilies(surface);
+    SetupFeatures();
 }
 
 VKDevice::~VKDevice() = default;
 
-bool VKDevice::Create(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::Instance instance) {
+bool VKDevice::Create(vk::Instance instance) {
     const auto queue_cis = GetDeviceQueueCreateInfos();
-    const std::vector extensions = LoadExtensions(dldi);
+    const std::vector extensions = LoadExtensions();
 
     vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2 features2;
     void** next = &features2.pNext;
@@ -165,15 +166,13 @@ bool VKDevice::Create(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::Instance instan
                                    nullptr);
     device_ci.pNext = &features2;
 
-    vk::Device dummy_logical;
-    if (physical.createDevice(&device_ci, nullptr, &dummy_logical, dldi) != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
+    vk::Device unsafe_logical;
+    if (physical.createDevice(&device_ci, nullptr, &unsafe_logical, dld) != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
         LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan, "Logical device failed to be created!");
         return false;
     }
-
-    dld.init(instance, dldi.vkGetInstanceProcAddr, dummy_logical, dldi.vkGetDeviceProcAddr);
-    logical = UniqueDevice(
-        dummy_logical, vk::ObjectDestroy<vk::NoParent, vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic>(nullptr, dld));
+    dld.init(instance, dld.vkGetInstanceProcAddr, unsafe_logical);
+    logical = UniqueDevice(unsafe_logical, {nullptr, dld});
 
     CollectTelemetryParameters();
 
@@ -235,8 +234,8 @@ void VKDevice::ReportLoss() const {
     // *(VKGraphicsPipeline*)data[0]
 }
 
-bool VKDevice::IsOptimalAstcSupported(const vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures& features,
-                                      const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi) const {
+bool VKDevice::IsOptimalAstcSupported(const vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures& features) const {
+    // Disable for now to avoid converting ASTC twice.
     static constexpr std::array astc_formats = {
         vk::Format::eAstc4x4UnormBlock,   vk::Format::eAstc4x4SrgbBlock,
         vk::Format::eAstc5x4UnormBlock,   vk::Format::eAstc5x4SrgbBlock,
@@ -260,7 +259,7 @@ bool VKDevice::IsOptimalAstcSupported(const vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures& features
         vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eBlitDst | vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eTransferSrc |
         vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eTransferDst};
     for (const auto format : astc_formats) {
-        const auto format_properties{physical.getFormatProperties(format, dldi)};
+        const auto format_properties{physical.getFormatProperties(format, dld)};
         if (!(format_properties.optimalTilingFeatures & format_feature_usage)) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -279,11 +278,9 @@ bool VKDevice::IsFormatSupported(vk::Format wanted_format, vk::FormatFeatureFlag
     return (supported_usage & wanted_usage) == wanted_usage;
 }
 
-bool VKDevice::IsSuitable(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDevice physical,
-                          vk::SurfaceKHR surface) {
-    bool is_suitable = true;
-
-    constexpr std::array required_extensions = {
+bool VKDevice::IsSuitable(vk::PhysicalDevice physical, vk::SurfaceKHR surface,
+                          const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dld) {
+    static constexpr std::array required_extensions = {
         VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME,
         VK_KHR_16BIT_STORAGE_EXTENSION_NAME,
         VK_KHR_8BIT_STORAGE_EXTENSION_NAME,
@@ -293,9 +290,10 @@ bool VKDevice::IsSuitable(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDev
         VK_EXT_SHADER_SUBGROUP_VOTE_EXTENSION_NAME,
         VK_EXT_HOST_QUERY_RESET_EXTENSION_NAME,
     };
+    bool is_suitable = true;
     std::bitset<required_extensions.size()> available_extensions{};
 
-    for (const auto& prop : physical.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(nullptr, dldi)) {
+    for (const auto& prop : physical.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(nullptr, dld)) {
         for (std::size_t i = 0; i < required_extensions.size(); ++i) {
             if (available_extensions[i]) {
                 continue;
@@ -315,7 +313,7 @@ bool VKDevice::IsSuitable(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDev
     }
 
     bool has_graphics{}, has_present{};
-    const auto queue_family_properties = physical.getQueueFamilyProperties(dldi);
+    const auto queue_family_properties = physical.getQueueFamilyProperties(dld);
     for (u32 i = 0; i < static_cast<u32>(queue_family_properties.size()); ++i) {
         const auto& family = queue_family_properties[i];
         if (family.queueCount == 0) {
@@ -323,7 +321,7 @@ bool VKDevice::IsSuitable(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDev
         }
         has_graphics |=
             (family.queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics) != static_cast<vk::QueueFlagBits>(0);
-        has_present |= physical.getSurfaceSupportKHR(i, surface, dldi) != 0;
+        has_present |= physical.getSurfaceSupportKHR(i, surface, dld) != 0;
     }
     if (!has_graphics || !has_present) {
         LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Device lacks a graphics and present queue");
@@ -331,7 +329,7 @@ bool VKDevice::IsSuitable(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDev
     }
 
     // TODO(Rodrigo): Check if the device matches all requeriments.
-    const auto properties{physical.getProperties(dldi)};
+    const auto properties{physical.getProperties(dld)};
     const auto& limits{properties.limits};
 
     constexpr u32 required_ubo_size = 65536;
@@ -348,7 +346,7 @@ bool VKDevice::IsSuitable(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDev
         is_suitable = false;
     }
 
-    const auto features{physical.getFeatures(dldi)};
+    const auto features{physical.getFeatures(dld)};
     const std::array feature_report = {
         std::make_pair(features.vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics, "vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics"),
         std::make_pair(features.independentBlend, "independentBlend"),
@@ -380,7 +378,7 @@ bool VKDevice::IsSuitable(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDev
     return is_suitable;
 }
 
-std::vector<const char*> VKDevice::LoadExtensions(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi) {
+std::vector<const char*> VKDevice::LoadExtensions() {
     std::vector<const char*> extensions;
     const auto Test = [&](const vk::ExtensionProperties& extension,
                           std::optional<std::reference_wrapper<bool>> status, const char* name,
@@ -411,7 +409,7 @@ std::vector<const char*> VKDevice::LoadExtensions(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynami
     bool has_khr_shader_float16_int8{};
     bool has_ext_subgroup_size_control{};
     bool has_ext_transform_feedback{};
-    for (const auto& extension : physical.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(nullptr, dldi)) {
+    for (const auto& extension : physical.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(nullptr, dld)) {
         Test(extension, khr_uniform_buffer_standard_layout,
              VK_KHR_UNIFORM_BUFFER_STANDARD_LAYOUT_EXTENSION_NAME, true);
         Test(extension, has_khr_shader_float16_int8, VK_KHR_SHADER_FLOAT16_INT8_EXTENSION_NAME,
@@ -433,15 +431,15 @@ std::vector<const char*> VKDevice::LoadExtensions(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynami
 
     if (has_khr_shader_float16_int8) {
         is_float16_supported =
-            GetFeatures<vk::PhysicalDeviceFloat16Int8FeaturesKHR>(physical, dldi).shaderFloat16;
+            GetFeatures<vk::PhysicalDeviceFloat16Int8FeaturesKHR>(physical, dld).shaderFloat16;
         extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SHADER_FLOAT16_INT8_EXTENSION_NAME);
     }
 
     if (has_ext_subgroup_size_control) {
         const auto features =
-            GetFeatures<vk::PhysicalDeviceSubgroupSizeControlFeaturesEXT>(physical, dldi);
+            GetFeatures<vk::PhysicalDeviceSubgroupSizeControlFeaturesEXT>(physical, dld);
         const auto properties =
-            GetProperties<vk::PhysicalDeviceSubgroupSizeControlPropertiesEXT>(physical, dldi);
+            GetProperties<vk::PhysicalDeviceSubgroupSizeControlPropertiesEXT>(physical, dld);
 
         is_warp_potentially_bigger = properties.maxSubgroupSize > GuestWarpSize;
 
@@ -456,9 +454,9 @@ std::vector<const char*> VKDevice::LoadExtensions(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynami
 
     if (has_ext_transform_feedback) {
         const auto features =
-            GetFeatures<vk::PhysicalDeviceTransformFeedbackFeaturesEXT>(physical, dldi);
+            GetFeatures<vk::PhysicalDeviceTransformFeedbackFeaturesEXT>(physical, dld);
         const auto properties =
-            GetProperties<vk::PhysicalDeviceTransformFeedbackPropertiesEXT>(physical, dldi);
+            GetProperties<vk::PhysicalDeviceTransformFeedbackPropertiesEXT>(physical, dld);
 
         if (features.transformFeedback && features.geometryStreams &&
             properties.maxTransformFeedbackStreams >= 4 && properties.maxTransformFeedbackBuffers &&
@@ -471,10 +469,10 @@ std::vector<const char*> VKDevice::LoadExtensions(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynami
     return extensions;
 }
 
-void VKDevice::SetupFamilies(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::SurfaceKHR surface) {
+void VKDevice::SetupFamilies(vk::SurfaceKHR surface) {
     std::optional<u32> graphics_family_, present_family_;
 
-    const auto queue_family_properties = physical.getQueueFamilyProperties(dldi);
+    const auto queue_family_properties = physical.getQueueFamilyProperties(dld);
     for (u32 i = 0; i < static_cast<u32>(queue_family_properties.size()); ++i) {
         if (graphics_family_ && present_family_)
             break;
@@ -483,10 +481,12 @@ void VKDevice::SetupFamilies(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::SurfaceK
         if (queue_family.queueCount == 0)
             continue;
 
-        if (queue_family.queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics)
+        if (queue_family.queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics) {
             graphics_family_ = i;
-        if (physical.getSurfaceSupportKHR(i, surface, dldi))
+        }
+        if (physical.getSurfaceSupportKHR(i, surface, dld)) {
             present_family_ = i;
+        }
     }
     ASSERT(graphics_family_ && present_family_);
 
@@ -494,10 +494,10 @@ void VKDevice::SetupFamilies(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::SurfaceK
     present_family = *present_family_;
 }
 
-void VKDevice::SetupFeatures(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi) {
-    const auto supported_features{physical.getFeatures(dldi)};
+void VKDevice::SetupFeatures() {
+    const auto supported_features{physical.getFeatures(dld)};
     is_formatless_image_load_supported = supported_features.shaderStorageImageReadWithoutFormat;
-    is_optimal_astc_supported = IsOptimalAstcSupported(supported_features, dldi);
+    is_optimal_astc_supported = IsOptimalAstcSupported(supported_features);
 }
 
 void VKDevice::CollectTelemetryParameters() {
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ std::vector<vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo> VKDevice::GetDeviceQueueCreateInfos() con
 }
 
 std::unordered_map<vk::Format, vk::FormatProperties> VKDevice::GetFormatProperties(
-    const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDevice physical) {
+    const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dld, vk::PhysicalDevice physical) {
     static constexpr std::array formats{vk::Format::eA8B8G8R8UnormPack32,
                                         vk::Format::eA8B8G8R8UintPack32,
                                         vk::Format::eA8B8G8R8SnormPack32,
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ std::unordered_map<vk::Format, vk::FormatProperties> VKDevice::GetFormatProperti
                                         vk::Format::eE5B9G9R9UfloatPack32};
     std::unordered_map<vk::Format, vk::FormatProperties> format_properties;
     for (const auto format : formats) {
-        format_properties.emplace(format, physical.getFormatProperties(format, dldi));
+        format_properties.emplace(format, physical.getFormatProperties(format, dld));
     }
     return format_properties;
 }
diff --git a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_device.h b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_device.h
index 6e656517f..d9d809852 100644
--- a/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_device.h
+++ b/src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_device.h
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ const u32 GuestWarpSize = 32;
 /// Handles data specific to a physical device.
 class VKDevice final {
 public:
-    explicit VKDevice(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDevice physical,
+    explicit VKDevice(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dld, vk::PhysicalDevice physical,
                       vk::SurfaceKHR surface);
     ~VKDevice();
 
     /// Initializes the device. Returns true on success.
-    bool Create(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::Instance instance);
+    bool Create(vk::Instance instance);
 
     /**
      * Returns a format supported by the device for the passed requeriments.
@@ -188,18 +188,18 @@ public:
     }
 
     /// Checks if the physical device is suitable.
-    static bool IsSuitable(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDevice physical,
-                           vk::SurfaceKHR surface);
+    static bool IsSuitable(vk::PhysicalDevice physical, vk::SurfaceKHR surface,
+                           const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dld);
 
 private:
     /// Loads extensions into a vector and stores available ones in this object.
-    std::vector<const char*> LoadExtensions(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi);
+    std::vector<const char*> LoadExtensions();
 
     /// Sets up queue families.
-    void SetupFamilies(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::SurfaceKHR surface);
+    void SetupFamilies(vk::SurfaceKHR surface);
 
     /// Sets up device features.
-    void SetupFeatures(const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi);
+    void SetupFeatures();
 
     /// Collects telemetry information from the device.
     void CollectTelemetryParameters();
@@ -208,8 +208,7 @@ private:
     std::vector<vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo> GetDeviceQueueCreateInfos() const;
 
     /// Returns true if ASTC textures are natively supported.
-    bool IsOptimalAstcSupported(const vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures& features,
-                                const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi) const;
+    bool IsOptimalAstcSupported(const vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures& features) const;
 
     /// Returns true if a format is supported.
     bool IsFormatSupported(vk::Format wanted_format, vk::FormatFeatureFlags wanted_usage,
@@ -217,10 +216,10 @@ private:
 
     /// Returns the device properties for Vulkan formats.
     static std::unordered_map<vk::Format, vk::FormatProperties> GetFormatProperties(
-        const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dldi, vk::PhysicalDevice physical);
+        const vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic& dld, vk::PhysicalDevice physical);
 
-    const vk::PhysicalDevice physical;        ///< Physical device.
     vk::DispatchLoaderDynamic dld;            ///< Device function pointers.
+    vk::PhysicalDevice physical;              ///< Physical device.
     vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties properties;  ///< Device properties.
     UniqueDevice logical;                     ///< Logical device.
     vk::Queue graphics_queue;                 ///< Main graphics queue.